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Infancy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Growth during first __ years of life is faster than at any other point. Birth weight typically doubles by __ months and triples by __ months.

A

3 years

5 months, 12 months

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2
Q

Babies are also almost __ inches longer than at birth by age 1

A

10

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3
Q

To compare infant growth what do pediatrician’s use?

A

International growth charts developed by world health organization to document growth of children birth to age 2.

(screen for abnormal/unhealthy growth with BMI)

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4
Q

Failure to Thrive

A

Child’s growth falter and weight gain not as expected

usually caused by inadequate nutrition, possibly lack of physical contact

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5
Q

Using recording of electrical activity generated by active neurons

A

EEG (electroencephalography)

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6
Q

Record changes in brain’s electrical activity in response to presentation of particular stimulus

A

ERPs (event-related potentials)

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7
Q

Use magnetic field to detect blood flow. Identify brain location

Infants must be sleeping/sedated

A

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

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8
Q

Infrared light that passes through the skin and tissues to examine blood flow

See locations, not deepest

Infant can be sitting up, does not require special lab

A

fNRI (functional near infrared spectroscopy)

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9
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

Abusive head trauma

Even 20 seconds= brain damage or death

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10
Q

Early Adversity and developing brain

A

alter the brain’s neuronal connections, increase the number of stress neurons, and increase the vulnerability to future stress signals

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11
Q

Outcomes to bad experiences depend on

A

the child’s age, duration of the adversity, and the severity of any additional psychiatric disorders the child may have. The findings also make it clear that the same experiences do not affect all children in the same way and that some children show remarkable resilience.

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12
Q

Factors linked to infant mortality

A

Vary by race/ethnicity

poverty, inadequate prenatal care, complications of pregnancy, malnutrition, lack of clean drinking water, and low rates of immunization against childhood illnesses and diseases.

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13
Q

US has __ rates of infant mortality than other developed countries

A

higher

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14
Q

SIDS

A

Leading cause of unexplained death 1 month –> 1 year

1/1,000

High risk 1-4 months
No single cause

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15
Q

Factors associated with SIDS

A

Colds, respiratory infection, influenza, smoking, stomach sleep, low SES, bed sharing, excessively covered during sleep

Neurological weakness

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16
Q

Prevent SIDS?

A

Quit smoking, change sleep position, firm sleep surface, no soft bedding, share bedroom not sleep surface (room sharing down by 50%),

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17
Q

Signs of hunger

A

Rooting or pressing face against body, bringing fingers to mouth

Parents should try to initiate feeding when these signs appear and before fussing and crying – last indicators of hunger

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18
Q

Signs of fullness

A

Turning head away from nipple, closing mouth, showing interest in other things

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19
Q

How do we know baby is eating good?

A

swallowing, gaining weight, and producing 6-8 wet diapers daily

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20
Q

Breastfeeding better?

A

Yes. First 6 months, first milk colostrum.

Contains all nutrients, immunity to various diseases, digests more easily than formula, may enhance cognitive growth, protects against poor jaw development and tooth decay.
Mother: oxytocin helps uterus return to normal size, burns 500 calories per day

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21
Q

Why avoid breastfeeding.

A

Metabolic disorder, medication has side effects, HIV (safe if antiretroviral)

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22
Q

When should children be introduced to solid food

A

After 6 months

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23
Q

Introducing food to early

A

food allergies, kidney malfunction, iron deficiencies, and strong food dislikes

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24
Q

Properly introduce solid food

A

1 at a time

Cereals –> strained fruits –> vegetable –> proteins –> egg yolk –> egg while

Parents eat healthy
Don’t rush meals

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25
Q

Birth most infants

A

19-21 in, 7-8 lbs

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26
Q

Growth Asynchronous

A

different parts of the body grow at different rates, and growth spurts occur at different times in each body region

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27
Q

Cephalocaudal development

A

head grows faster than body

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28
Q

Proximodistal development

A

Growth proceeds outward, first centered on torso and then limbs

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29
Q

.REM and non-REM at `__ weeks; other states at __ weeks

A

32

38

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30
Q

Babies sleep about __ hours per day

A

17 hours

By 3/4 months, more during night

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31
Q

Quite Sleep (NREM)

A

Regular respiration
eyes closed
Baby motionless

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32
Q

Active sleep (REM)

A

Muscles tense
Eye still or REMS
irregular breath
rhythmic startles, sucks, body movement

1/2 sleep, decreases throughout life

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33
Q

Drowsiness

A

Open/close eyes
increased activity
rapid/regular breath
occasional smiling

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34
Q

Quiet alert

A

open eyes, scan environment, baby still, rapid respiration

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35
Q

Active Alert

A

Awake, body and limb movements, less focused than in quiet alert state

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36
Q

Crying

A

Elevated activity and respiration rate, cry vocalization, facial expression of distress

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37
Q

Worldwide, is co-sleep popular

A

yes

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38
Q

Benefits of co-sleeping

A

no long term risks/benefits

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39
Q

What is the most common reason for co- sleeping

A

Breastfeeding

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40
Q

What cultures co-sleep?

A

Not North American white middle class

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41
Q

Waking orienting response

A

a heightened alertness that includes behavioral localization toward the source of the stimulation (a head turn to the source of a sound)

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42
Q

Waking defense response

A

a behavioral action that involves withdrawal from the source of stimulation

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43
Q

The frequency of crying increase between birth and ___ months, then decreases

A

2 months

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44
Q

Do babies have distinct types of cries?

A

No consistent research by interesting

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45
Q

Colic

A

the infant cries at least 3 hours a day, on at least 3 days per week, for at least 3 successive weeks

the parents find the crying very intense

the infant is otherwise normal; and

the infant is relatively unresponsive to soothing & feeding

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46
Q

Colic related to

A

Stressed mothers, infant inattention, emotionally reactivity, sensitivity to stimulation

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47
Q

Effect of crying on adults

A

Adults perceive crying as an index of distress & they try to figure out the source

nonparents are as responsive as parents
levels of arousal & responsiveness are equal for men & women

Child abusers more upset with crying

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48
Q

Best ways to sooth crying baby

A 
nonnutritive sucking 
Swaddling 
daily massage 
Rocking
Continuous sound
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49
Q

Newborn Motor Stage:

A

Body need tranquility and rest

Attention depends on stress free state of alter

State regulates the types of interactions

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50
Q

Reflexes

A

Trigged by elicitor
Look the same

Primitive form of orienting behavior/defense
Elementary coordination for later adaption, or no clear function.

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51
Q

When do reflexes disappear

A

6 months

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52
Q

Drop infant’s head and trunk 30 degrees with arm up, arms and legs extend, abduct,

A

Moro Reflex

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53
Q

Infant’s palm touched near finger base. Hand makes fist

A

Palmar grasp reflex

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54
Q

Area below TOES is touched, the infant’s toes curl

A

plantar grasp reflex

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55
Q

Stroking lateral sole in infant’s foot from heel across ball. Toes flare out

A

Babinski reflex

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56
Q

Feeding, touch cheek near mouth, head turns

A

rooting reflex

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57
Q

Needed for normal life, when mouth touched by nipple, begin to suck

A

sucking reflex

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58
Q

When in supine position, extend arm/leg on the side of head, flex extremities on other side

A

Fencing reflex/tonic neck reflex

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59
Q

When infants held upright with their feed touching solid surface.

A

Stepping reflex

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60
Q

___ least controlled parts of infant’s body

A

arms/hands

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61
Q

Gross motor sills

A

require whole baby

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62
Q

Fine motor skills

A

small movements

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63
Q

Motor Stage: 2-5 months

A

Control posture
Movements of hands/arms
Coordinated reaching
rolling over

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64
Q

Babies motor ability depends on

A
  1. existing abilities
  2. Difficulty of task
  3. environment supports
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65
Q

Motor Stage: 2-6 months

A

Adapt to object size/shape
Coordinated eye gaze
point when alert, movement related to emotional state

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66
Q

Resources that help with motor development from parents

A

Holding infants in good postures

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67
Q

Mali motor development

A

mothers put babies through workout

African babies have advanced motor coordination compared to Caucasian babies

68
Q

Navaho motor development

A

infants spend hours strapped tightly onto cradle boards, motor development slow

69
Q

Motor Stage: 6-9 Months

A

Independent sitting
Supported standing
Rolling over
Creeping or Crawling

70
Q

When can infants few step while holding furniture and pick up small objects?

A

9 months

71
Q

When do infants begin to show hand preference?

A

Around 2 months

72
Q

When do infants learn to sit without support, extend non-reaching hand, and reach with single hand

A

6 months

73
Q

Stand alone between

A

9-16 months

Avg. 11

74
Q

Walk alone between

A

9-17 months

Avg. 11.75 months

75
Q

Crawl up and down stairs by

A

12 months

76
Q

Toddler’s gait

A

often symmetrical, but many steps are unsymmetrical

toddlers still have trouble balancing and they need to walk this way to keep from falling

About 6 months after walking, smoothness of adult

77
Q

Infants prefer to walk on

A

surfaces that are matte (rather than shiny) and rigid.

78
Q

Benefits of locomotion

A

social and cognitive

Increase social contacts, persist more in looking for hidden objects

79
Q

Threats to infant safety

A 
collision/fall
poisoning
swallowing small objects
burns/drowning
sharp objects, cords, heavy objects
80
Q

___ months walk smoothly, stand on one foot with help and walk up stairs with help. Steps longer, narrower, straighter, more consistent.

A

16

81
Q

Children have hand preference

A

by age 3

82
Q

2-3 years: Exercise play

A

physically vigorous playful movement, possibly social, 7-14% behavior, boys more than girls

83
Q

Benefits of exercise play

A

increases fitness, endurance, strength and skill, reduce fat, increase ability to regulate temperature, enhance cognitive ability

84
Q

Newborn Visual Acuity

A

20/500
see colors
20/20 by 6 months

85
Q

Newborn tracking

A

jerky, only follow slowly moving objects, 6-8 weeks more like adults

86
Q

Oculomotor skills

A

Eye movements to bring objects into focus, follow moving objects, adjust for objects at different distances

87
Q

Scanning

A

eye traces path across visual stimulus in small rapid movements

88
Q

Depth perception

A

distances between objects

89
Q

Kinematic depth cues

A

based on motion, infants

90
Q

Stereoscopic depth info

A

ability to compare two retinal images (distance) between 3-6 months

91
Q

Pictorial Depth Cues

A

5-7 months

6 months: see 3D, infer object properties and depth from visual cues

92
Q

What do infants like to look at?

A

objects with clearly marked edges & outlines

circular patterns over straight lines

the external contours of a figure, especially if the edges are sharp

prefer faces and attractive/familiar ones bias to upper half

93
Q

Ability to recognize whole patterns increases around

A

3 months

94
Q

Visual perception of moving objects

A

3-5 month olds prefer normal walkers over inverted/impossible ones

young infants look longer at movement

3-4 months, moving objects are whole units.

95
Q

Haptic Perception

A

perception of the properties of object using touch

newborns use mouth,
4-6 month actively
6+ specialize hand movements

96
Q

Cross-Modal Perception

A

Ability to integrate information coming from at least two sensory modalities.

4 months +, expect sights/sounds to go together

97
Q

What system more advanced at birth

A

Auditory

98
Q

Newborn auditory system

A

40-60 dB, only sounds 50-70 dB can awaken them.

99
Q

Sounds babies like

A

middle range sounds, high pitch, 1+ notes, melodic sequences, adult female voice, familiar sounds

100
Q

When do infants like music

A

4 months
consonant music, maternal singing, remember songs for at least a week, prefer singing over recording, attend more to their own bodies during lullabies and to the singer during play songs

101
Q

Newborn Taste

A

4 tastes, sweet only one liked. Influence by what mom consumed during pregnancy. Emotional Associations

102
Q

Newborn Smells

A

Sweet smells, dislike bad odors, differentiate odors, recognize mom by odors.

103
Q

Newborn Touch

A

Need contact to grow
Reflexes
hard/soft and smooth/rough
Show distress at pain.

104
Q

Do infants feel pain how do we know

A

Yes, respond to medical procedures with distress

105
Q

How do we help infants with pain?

A

Skin to skin contact

Sucrose Analgesia: a pacifier and sweet liquid – may also reduce pain.

106
Q

Play

A

activity that is intrinsically motivated, focused on means rather than ends, different from purely exploratory behavior, nonliteral, and free from externally applied rules

107
Q

What does play do?

What is the best play object?

A

Develop motor, cognitive and social skills

Best play object? A friend

108
Q

Play stages

A 
Birth-4m: Exploratory
4-12m: Relational 
12-18m: Functional/Functional relational 
12-24m: Gross
24-36m: Fine

Every Reckless Ferret Grabs Figs

109
Q

Play across cultures

A

Individualistic: guided to focus on toys

Collectivist: Guided to promote social interactions

Play enforces cultural norms

110
Q

Parallel pretend play

A

15 months, play together, but not with each other

111
Q

Sociodramatic play

A

elaborate and coordinated narratives

112
Q

What happens when parents involved in play?

A

Duration and quality of play increases

113
Q

Imaginative play at age 2

A

Inventing whole new situations in make-believe

114
Q

Liquidating pretend play at age 3

A

Occurs during the 3rd year. Usually after unpleasant event, allow self to be victorious

115
Q

At about what age do they know difference between real and pretend play?

A

3 years

116
Q

Piaget’s Theory: Constructing and representing knowledge

A

Infant actions are adaptations to environment

Learning is adaption

117
Q

Assimilation

A

employing previously used actions to explore an object; add to existing database

(ex: kitty)

118
Q

Accommodation

A

adjusting exploratory actions in response to an object’s novel characteristics

119
Q

Sensorimotor Stage 1 Newborn

A

Reflexes

External stimulation with innate reflex actions

120
Q

Sensorimotor Stage 2

1-4 Months or 5 months

A

Primary circular reactions
Infants repeat initially random actions for fun
Act purposefully
Cause/effect

121
Q

Sensorimotor Stage 3

4-8 months (4-8 or 9)

A

Secondary circular reactions
Intentionally use schemes to repeat actions and achieve outcomes

Repeated occurrences have meaning, more goal directed

122
Q

Sensorimotor Stage 4

8-12 months (10-12)

A

Coordination of secondary schemes:

Coordinate 2 separate schemes to produce specific result (multiple actions)

2x secondary reaction (grab toy while pushing away)

Symbol: away from context

123
Q

Sensorimotor Stage 5

12-18 months

A

Tertiary circular reactions

Experiment with schemes to discover how they work (little Scientists)

multiple goals

124
Q

Sensorimotor Stage 6

18-24 months

A

Mental combinations

Toddlers think about/select schemes to achieve desired outcome

Clear object permanence

mental representation

125
Q

Primary Circular reactions

A

repetitive movements in which the infant focuses on his or her own actions

126
Q

Object Permanence

A

the ability to remain aware of an object even after it has gone out of sight infants will not actively search for an object that has been hidden until after 9 months

127
Q

In what sensorimotor stage do we first see true intention?

A

Stage 3

128
Q

Secondary circular reaction

A

repeat pleasurable actions that involve objects as well as actions involving their own bodies.

129
Q

Tertiary Circular reactions

A

intentional adaptations to specific situations.

130
Q

____ suggests Piaget’s theory of infants understanding of objects may occur earlier

A

Violation of expectation

131
Q

___ organization of concepts and memorize in terms of how events are related to each other in time

A

Script

132
Q

A-not-B error prior to 15 months

A

infants look up first piece of cloth not the second, even while toy hidden in plain view.

Definition of object includes location.

133
Q

Preoperational thought stage

A 
2-3 years to age 7
Language
Internal representation systems
Symbolic play 
Egocentrism- unable to see other points of view

No complete logical thinking

134
Q

Vygotsky

A

Learning before development.

Greater role of language

Social/Cultural context

135
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Infant skills that are in the process of development

136
Q

Capable individuals/structure boost less capable individuals’ performance

A

Scaffolding

137
Q

External communication used to talk to others (from age 2)

A

Social Speech

138
Q

Speech direction to self and serves intellect function (From age 3)

A

Private Speech

139
Q

private speech goes underground (from age 7)

A

silent inner speech

140
Q

Private speech importance

A

helps with difficulties, self-regulate, collaborate with themselves, way to plan

141
Q

Guided Participation

A

Process through which young children learn during interactions with parents, caregivers

142
Q

Importance of guided participation

A

higher levels of symbolic play

Coordinate joint attention

143
Q

Habituation

A

decline in strength of response after repeating same stimulus

144
Q

How does speed of habituation change with age?

A

2-5 months, improve speed processing

3 months habituate 1-2 minutes, 6 months down to 30 seconds

Speed relates to cognitive differences

145
Q

Is speed of habituation index of cognitive differences a good predictor?

A

Not long term, only over a period of 4 to 5 months

146
Q

Faster habituators

A

more likely to habituate fast at 6 months

147
Q

Slower habituators

A

more likely to have perinatal risk factors, illness, malnutrition, poor state control

148
Q

Why is imitation important

A

Relating to people

Conceptual relationship between two actions

149
Q

how does perception of intention play into later imitative behavior?

A

2x as likely to imitate if action is intentional

150
Q

Deferred imitation

A

occurs following a delay from the time the action is observed

151
Q

Attention in relation to infant cognition

A

develops are prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe mature

152
Q

Infants who can sustain attention longer

A

more exploratory play

score higher on tests of mental and motor abilities

153
Q

Short more efficient looking patterns (attention shift) correlated with..

A

more advanced performance in other cognitive abilities

154
Q

How to develop executive functioning skills?

A
  1. Provide opportunities where executive functioning is needed/practical
  2. Provide aids
  3. Challenge them
  4. Enhance supports
155
Q

Gaze following

A

characteristic of social interaction in which one person shifts his or her visual attention in the direction another person has turned to look

156
Q

Joint attention

A

Shared perceptual exploration during social interaction, in which gaze alternates between some aspect of the environment and another person involved in the interaction

Autism have difficultly

157
Q

Types of joint attention

A
  1. Response- gaze following/coordinated attention in response to another person’s gaze shifts, head turns, and other behaviors
  2. Initiating- spontaneous use of eye contact, gesturing, and vocalizing to elicit another’s attention
158
Q

Theory of Mind

A

A cognitive achievement that enables children to understand others’ feelings and beliefs.

Gradually emerges during first 3 years of life

159
Q

According to mobile experiment

A

infants have short term but not as much long term memory

160
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

ability to remember experiences verbally

life history
Verbal recall if happens around age 2

161
Q

Participatory memories

A

traumatic memories may be particularly likely to persist in form of nonverbal unconscious participatory memories.

Amygdala and hippocampus

162
Q

How do traumatic memories before age 2 persist if no explicit memory/verbal recall?

A

Participatory

163
Q

Gender: I’m girl/boy

A

2 years

164
Q

When is gender constancy

A

4-5 years

165
Q

TV/media

A

harmful for children under age of 3

Aggression, hyperactivity, fewer words

Infancy (3 decks)

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