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Police Problems > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

social contract

A

We agree to give up certain rights and freedoms in exchange for certain benefits.

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2
Q

policing by consent

A

a philosophy of policing where the police derive their authority through the will of the people.

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3
Q

democratic policing

A

The authority granted to the police comes from the authority we grant the state, so they are, in effect, the government. Democracies emphasize government by the people.

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4
Q

four elements of policing

A

by Klockar.

authority

power

persuasion

force

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5
Q

the 5 roles of law enforcement

A

law enforcement

crime prevention

public safety

public service

community engagement

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6
Q

authority

A

incontestable entitlement to be obeyed.

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7
Q

power

A

ability to overcome resistance to authority. Can be overcome by persuasion and force.

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8
Q

persuasion

A

use of symbols, words, and arguments to convince an individual to comply with the rules

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9
Q

force

A

use of physical control to obtain compliance

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10
Q

law enforcement

A

Traditional role of police

Definition: primarily reactive activities that enforce federal and state laws, as well as local statutes such as city ordinances.

What it looks like: make arrests, issue citations if individuals are breaking the law.

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11
Q

crime prevention

A

Definition: proactive activities that are intended to dissuade individuals from engaging in criminal activity.

What it looks like: increased police presence in high crime areas at vulnerable times, burglary house checks.

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12
Q

public safety

A

Definition: activities intended to reduce threats to citizens’ safety that are not necessarily the result of criminal activity
What it looks like: traffic control, emergency operations, crowd management.

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13
Q

community engagement

A

Definition: activities designed to produce positive police-citizen interactions and improve relationships with the community

What it looks like: coffee with a cop, school programs

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14
Q

public service

A

Broad “catch-all” activity

Definition: activities taken in the course of serving the public interest

What it looks like: cat out of tree, welfare checks

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15
Q

why is it important to study history?

A

?

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16
Q

three sources of our attitudes towards the police

A

propriety

endorsement

authorization

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17
Q

Robert Peele

A

London Metropolitan Police Act (1829) created the first formal police department

Even tempered and reserved officers, restrained and polite

Non-military uniforms (blue versus red of British military)

Emphasized exercising power based on institutional rather than coercive authority.

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18
Q

four ways officers see themselves and others

A

self image (separate class of law enforcers)

perception of others

tasks they should be involved in (“real police work”)

the way tasks should be handled (with total authority and success)

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19
Q

what does Van Maanen’s typification have to say about the three ways officers see others?

A

suspicious persons

assholes (people who reject the police’s definition of the situation, someone who is argumentative and difficult to deal with)

know-nothings

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20
Q

Paoline’s three requirements of the theory of police culture

A

suspiciousness

maintaining the edge

crime fighter

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21
Q

What two things eroded the monolithic police culture and turned it into the varied thing we have today?

A

Increased diversity in policing

Rise of community policing

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22
Q

Four types of officer that Muir identified

A

Enforcer: traditional law enforcers, good guys vs bad guys, quick to use force

Professional: works within the bounds of the law, heavily uses persuasion to accomplish goals

Reciprocator: hesitant to use force, eager to help, focused on public service

Avoider: misfit, hates police work

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23
Q

warrior mindset

A

Focused on officer safety

Maintains a self image as a soldier in the battle against crime

Prioritizes “real police work” (search, chase, capture)

Elevates officers to a position above ordinary citizens

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24
Q

guardian mindset

A

Prioritizes service over crimefighting

Sees community partnerships as essential to the goals of policing

Emphasizes protecting citizens from unnecessary indignity and harm

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25
outcome of warrior mindset
officers more likely to emphasize control over communication during interactions with citizens officers having more positive attitudes towards improper uses of force
26
outcome of guardian mindset
officers more likely to emphasize communication
27
police crime
Crime committed by the police in the course of executing their duty.
28
police corruption
Misuse of authority as a police officer (has to be for a police officer specifically) for personal gain
29
mooching
receiving free coffee or free meals. Many do not perceive mooching to be that bad. It is not even a policy violation in some agencies. Problem: voluntary? If they accept it, does that mean they owe a favor?
30
chiseling
police demands for price discounts or free admission to entertainment events
31
shakedowns
taking expensive items and attributing it to criminal activity
32
premeditated theft
stealing things from evidence or a crime scene
33
three steps in Sherman's moral career
Officer accepts minor gratuities (mooching) Officer provides something in exchange for that gratuity Officer seeks opportunities
34
grass eaters
passively accepts what’s offered and does nothing about it
35
meat eaters
actively seeking opportunities for corruption
36
rotten apple
one or two bad officers in a good department Level 1 corruption
37
rotten barrel
department has a corruption problem Level 2 corruption: most officers are corrupt but operate independently Level 3 corruption: officers are organized, creating institutional corruption
38
three types of abuse of authority
psychological physical legal
39
compared to history, how is misconduct today?
lower than it's ever been
40
psychological abuse
verbal abuse, harassment, or ridicule of a citizen by a police officer
41
physical abuse
assaulting a citizen (i.e. excessive/unnecessary force)
42
legal abuse
violation of legal statutes or citizen’s rights (e.g. planting evidence, illegal searches, illegal interviews, testilying)
43
code of silence
an informal agreement among police officers to not report each other for misconduct
44
how does the code of silence relate to other fields?
happens in many other fields, but it troublesome when the potential harm is greater like in policing or the medical field
45
how to fight the code of silence
truthfulness mandatory reporting retaliation ethics training complaint acceptance
46
EPIC
Ethical Policing Is Courageous Classroom training, role play, department wide policies Encourages officers to intervene when they see something wrong Pin gives permission to other officers to intervene if they see something
47
the bystander effect
when a bystander to something, people tend to stand back and say nothing, even when they know it is wrong
48
social desirability
people behave better when they know they are being watched—engage in socially desirable behavior
49
What can body cameras do?
reduce misconduct, force increase transparency, evidence
50
body camera limitations
use of force and transparency are rare hard to comply to (personally, server issues) perspective and video quality unclear
51
the use of force
any use of physical restraint by a police officer when dealing with a member of the public.
52
why we talk about reportable use of force as opposed to theoretical
Reportable indicates a level of seriousness This where our data comes from
53
levels of force
Mere presence: presence of an officer is a level of coercion that deters dangerous behavior Verbalization: encouraging a type of behavior through words Command voice: using a more aggressive voice to encourage behavior (e.g. louder, more colorful language) Firm grips: these are physical grips on the body directing a suspect when and where to move (not intended to cause pain) Pain compliance: these tactics seek the suspect’s compliance by causing pain. They should not result in lasting injury. Impact techniques: may involve physical contact or the use of intermediate weapons (chemical spray or stunning weapons) Deadly force: force capable of killing the suspect.
54
intermediate weapons
weapons used by law enforcement that are not designed to be deadly (e.g. baton, OC spray)
55
force continuum
as resistance goes up, so does force.
56
fleeing felon doctrine
Officers were authorized to kill anyone who was suspected of a felony AND fled from the police Based on English common law—most felons were executed so deadly force was not unreasonable.
57
Tennessee v. Gardner
Based on court case involving the shooting of a 15-year-old who broke into an unoccupied house (burglary). Unconstitutional to use deadly force against “unarmed, nondangerous suspects”
58
Graham v. Connor
Analysis of a use of force incident should include only the facts at the moment of the use of force Events leading up to the use of force are irrelevant This usage depends on what district you’re in
59
subjective objectivity
reasonableness must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on scene, not hindsight
60
three reasons why we should count pointing a firearm as a use of force
Coercive—using the possibility of force to encourage compliance Danger—if gun is pointed at citizen an accidental discharge would harm them Removal of options—once a firearm is pulled, it is much more difficult to deescalate to a lower level of force
61
How common is it for police to use force?
generally ~1 percent of police-citizen interactions involve force
62
What does police force usually look like?
Firm grip and pain compliance much more common than intermediate weapons or deadly force when resisting arrest
63
assumptions of the split-second syndrome
excessive or unnecessary force that the force is the result of maliciousness or prejudice, but this is unlikely to be true. Some portion of excessive or unnecessary.
64
tactics
methods and techniques employed by officers to exercise legitimate control
65
state created danger
Situations where officers respond with force in order to extricate themselves from danger that they created
66
final frame analysis
Analysis of a use of force incident should include only the facts at the moment of the use of force

Police Problems (3 decks)

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