Exam 1 Flashcards
(228 cards)
1
Q
Etiology
A
Study of the cause of disease
2
Q
Pathologenesis
A
The origin and development of a disease
3
Q
Lesions
A
Areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection
4
Q
Biopsy
A
the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination
5
Q
Diagnosis
A
identification of an injury or disease
6
Q
Differential diagnosis
A
a list of conditions the patient may have based on the symptoms exhibited and the results of the exam
7
Q
Necropsy
A
examination of a body after death
8
Q
sublethal
A
not quite lethal(death-causing); insufficient to cause death
-Degeneration
9
Q
Causes of necrosis:
A
Toxicity, trauma, infections, genetic, altered metabolism, endocrine diseases
10
Q
Toxicology
A
study of poisonous or toxic diseases or substances and their effects upon body parts
Ex: Tetanus produces neurotoxin by bacteria
11
Q
Toxicosis
A
disease causes by poison
12
Q
Anticoagulant rodenticides
A
rodenticides that kill rats by causing abnormal bleeding due to the inability to form a blood clot
13
Q
coagulopathy
A
disease of the clotting process
14
Q
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) Toxicity
A
Bonds to hemoglobin
- Cats
- They afixiate
- Causes Heinz body anemia
15
Q
Abdominocentesis
A
Sampling of free fluid within the peritoneal space.
16
Q
Apnea
A
not breathing
17
Q
Dyspnea
A
difficulty breathing
18
Q
Bradypnea
A
slow breathing
19
Q
Tachypnea
A
rapid breathing
20
Q
hyperpnea
A
increase in rate and depth of respiration
21
Q
hypopnea
A
decrease in rate and depth of respiration
22
Q
hypoxia
A
inadequate oxygen to tissues
23
Q
hypercapnia
A
high CO2
24
Q
hypocapnia
A
low CO2
25
Anoxia
without oxygen
26
Aspiration
inhalation of foreign substance into the respiratory tract
27
Asphyxiation
Suffocation
28
Atelectasis
incomplete alveoli expanision
29
Bronchiectasis
dilation of the bronchi
30
Bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchus
31
Bronchopneumonia
infection of the bronchi and lungs
32
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
33
Cyanosis
blue mucus membranes
34
Diaphragmatic hernia
hole in the diaphragm
35
Emphysema
chronic disease causing changes to the wall of the alveloi
36
Epistaxis
bleeding from the nose
37
Equine Laryngeal hemiplegia
increased respiratory noises due to degeneration of the laryngeal nerves and muscles
38
Hemoptysis
coughing up blood
39
Hemothorax
blood in the chest
40
Laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
41
Larynoplegia
Paralysis of the larynx
42
Laryngospasm
sudden closure of the larynx
43
Pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
44
Phonation
act of producing sound
45
Pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
46
Plueropneumonia
infection of the pleura and lung
47
Pneumonia
infection of the lung
48
Pneumothorax
air accumulation in the chest cavity
49
Polyp
benign growth
50
pulmonary edema
fluid in the lung tissue
51
pulmonary fibrosis
fiber formation in the alveoli walls
52
Pyothorax
puss in the chest
53
Orthopnea
unable to breath unless in an upright position
54
Rhinitis
inflammation of the nasal passagses
55
Rhinopneumonitits
inflammation of the nasal passages and lungs
56
Rhinorrhea
nasal discharge
57
Sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
58
Snuffles
upper respiratory infection of rabbits caused by pasturella
59
Stenotic nares
narrowed nasal passages
60
Tracheitis
inflammation of the trachea
61
Tracheobronchitis
inflammation of the trachea and bronchus
62
URI
upper respiratory infection
63
Bronchodilators
open airways
- Albuterol
- Beta-adrenergic agonists
- Methyxanthines
- Anticholinergics
64
Mucolytics
breakdown mucus
- Guaifenesin
- N-acytlcysteine
- Dembrexine
65
Antitussives
prevent coughing
- Morphine
- Codeine
- Hydrocodone
- Dextromethophan
- Butorphanol
66
-pnea
breathing
67
Ox/i, ox/o, ox/y
oxygen
68
Capn/o
carbon dioxide
69
Lead poisoning
no simple test exists to detect lead poisoning
Clinical Signs:
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- lethargy
- anorexia
- abdominal pain
- regurgitation(due to megaesophagus)
- weakness
- hysteria, extreme anxiety
70
Nitrate or nitrite poisoning
may occur in ruminants, pigs, and horses ingesting feeds with high concentrations of nitrate.
-Nitrites absorbed from the gut decrease the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by degrading hemoglobin to methemoglobin in erythrocytes or methemoglobinemia
71
Anticaogulant rodenticides
ex: warfarin, diphacinone, pindone
- act by inhibiting metabolism of vitamin K in the body
- coagulopathy hemorrhage(blood does not clot quickly)
72
Ethylene glycol
- most antifreeze solutions
- can cause serous of fatal toxicosis
- can be detected in whole blood or serum samples by a toxicology lab
Antidote: Fomepizole
- time period to treat is 3 hours for cats and 8-12 in dogs
73
Classic signs on inflammation
Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
74
Peracute
"very acute"
- 0 to 4 hours
- shock
75
Acute
4-6 hours to 3-5 days
76
Subacute
transition between acute and chronic, days to a week
77
Chronic
persists over a long period of time, weeks to years
78
What is inflammation?
Vascular and cellular response to trauma
- purpose is to heal injured tissue
- body's attempt to destroy microorganisms, foreign particles, or dead cells
- protects the body by localizing and removing the injuring agent
79
Lesion locations
Focal- one spot
Multifocal- multiple foci(spots)
Locally Extensive- one large area that is involved
Diffuse- spread throughtout the organ
80
Exudation
presence of fluid that leaked out of vessels into tissues and the migration of inflammatory cells into an inflammation lesion
81
Types of Exudate
- serous
- serosanguinous
- purulent or suppurative
- Fibrinous
- Catarrhal
- pseudomembranous
- Fibrinopurulent
82
Vascular response
Vasodilation and vascular permeability (leakiness)
-exudation
83
Pleural Effusion
buildup of fluid in the pleural space
| -dyspnea and tachypnea
84
Pulmonary Edema
fluid buildup in the pulmonary alveolar and interstitial spaces
85
Hardware's Disease/ Traumatic reticulopericarditis
```
Causitive agent: consumption of metal foreign body
Clinical Signs:
-decreased milk production and fecal output
-increased rectal temperature
-normal or slightly elevated heart rate
-dehydration
-rapid and shallow respiration
-walk with arched back
-grunting
```
Treatment: surgical removal, antibiotics, and magnet
86
Johne's Disease
Causative agent: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis
Clinical signs: silent, subclinical, advanced clinical, profuse watery diarrhea, and weight loss
Diagnosis: Necropsy
Treatment: none
87
Respiratory Disease
Common clinical signs:
- nasal discharge/congestion
- sneezing
- respiratory stridor
- cough; hemoptysis(coughing up blood)
- pleural effusion(accumulation of excessive fluid in he thoracic cavity)
- dyspnea; respiratory distress
- cyanosis
- anoxia
- facial swelling
- orthopnea(only able to breath in upright position)
- pulmonary edema(accumulation of fluid in the lungs)
Common Treatments:
- establish an airway
- oxygen therapy(ET tube, mask, nasal oxygen lines, oxygen cage)
- minimize stress(sedation, minimal handling)
- thoracentesis/chest tubes with analegesia
- Nebulize(airway humidification/hydration)/Coupage
- Medical therapies(bronchodilators, antibiotics, antifungals etc.)
88
FEline upper respiratory infection
```
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Caused by:
-Feline Rhinotrachitis virus
-Feline Calici virus
-Chlamydophila felis( Chlamydiosis:Zoonosis disease)
```
*acute or chronic disease
89
Systemic mycoses
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
-Fungal disease from inhalation of spores/wound contamination
Histoplasma capsulatum- associated with bird dropping
Cryptococcus neoformans- pigeon droppings
90
Strangles
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Causative agent: Streptococcus equi
Clinical Signs: Sudden fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge, and abscessation of the submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes
Diagnosis: Culture, PCR, or serology
Treatment: Antibiotic therapy and lance and flush
- Maintain under strict isolation protocol(for 6 weeks after recovery)
- modified live virus intranasal vaccine
91
Guttural Pouch Empyema
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
- sequel to strangles or lymph node abcesses
*Bacterial infection
92
Guttural Pouch Mycosis
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
| fungal infection of the guttural pouch
93
Heaves
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
- (RAO) recurrent airway obstruction
- allergic airway disease due to airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, & excessive mucus production
Clinical Signs: cough, nasal discharge, flared nostrils, increased respiratory rate, increased expiratory effort, wheezing, allergic to dust and molds in hay and straw.
-never "cured" of heaves
94
Inflammatory Airway Disease(IAD)
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Hyperactive response due to allergens, pollutants, and infectious agents.
-Pathologic changes; (inflammation and excessive mucus production) gas exchange impaired
Clinical Signs: Normal at rest, exercise intolerance, cough, airway secretions
Treatment: treatment of IAD consists of environmental management to decrease exposure to dust and allergens and inhaled or systemic corticosteriods and bronchodilators.
95
Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemmorage (EIPH)
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Cause: Unknown(may be due to rupture of capillary vessels during strenuous exercise)
Clinical Signs: Epistaxis, exercise intolerance, blood seen in airways via endoscopy
-Endoscopy. Cytology via TTW or BAL after exercise.
Treatment: Furosemide, treatment of inflammatory disease if present.
96
4 forms of Herpes
respiratory, abortion, neonatal, and neurologic disease
97
Herpes vaccines
- show horses and broodmares
| - administered to broodmares during 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th month of pregnancy to prevent abortion.
98
Herpes
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
- Contagious virus
- Clinical signs almost indistinguishable from influenza
- Incubation period 2-10 days
- transmitted by aerosol transmission, respiratory secretions, and fomite transmission
99
Equine Influenza
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Causative Agent: Orthomyxoviridae family
Clinical Signs: Fever, anorexia, weight loss, mucopurulent nasal discharge, increased respiratory rates, and retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy
Diagnosis: Presumptive, virus isolation, immunoassay, immunofluorescence, PCR, and antibody detection
Treatment: Supportive
100
Bacterial Pneumonia & Pleuropneumonia
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Bacterial Pneumonia due to aspiration of bacteria, with colonization.
Clinical Signs: exercise intolerance, fever, tachypnea, cough, mucopurulent discharge anorexia and chest pain
Diagnostic proceures: Hematology, TTW, thoracic rads
Treatment: Antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, pleural drainage
101
Bovine Respiratory Disease Syndrome (BRDS)
Syndrome caused by a complex interaction of respiratory viruses, bacteria, and stress.
Viruses:
- Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
- BVD
- Parainfluenza Virus (PI3)
- Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
- respiratory coronavirus
Clinical Signs: depression, standing with head lowered, anorexia, fever, nasal discharge, cough,
102
BRDS in feedlot cattle is called what?
shipping fever
| -mannheimia (pasteurella) haemolytica and sometime P. multocida
103
Ovine PRogressive Pneumonia (OPP)
```
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Manifests as:
-Progressive respiratory failure
-Mastitis ("hard bag")
-neurologic signs
-arthritis
```
Clinical Signs: exercise intolerance, open mouth breathing, exaggerated expiratory effect, occasional dry cough.
104
Atrophic Rhinitis
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Clinical signs: sneezing, coughing, tear staining, blockage or inflammation of the lacrimal duct, epistaxis, decreased performance, and deformation of the upper jaw.
105
Glasser Disease
RESPIRATORY DISEASE
Clinical Signs: Fever, depression, difficult breathing, cough, anorexia, and lameness.
-chronic pericarditits & CHF
Treatment: antibiotics
Diagnosis: history, clinical signs, CSF, and cardiac blood or joint culture
106
other respiratory diseases
- kennel cough.
- pneumonia
- feline asthma
- tracheal collapse
- heartworm disease
- laryngeal paralysis
- Brachycephalic airway disease
107
abdominocentesis
use of a needle to remove fluid from the abdomen
108
adenoma
Benign tumor of glandular tissue(small intestine, colon)
109
ANAPHYLAXIS
acute hypersensitivity reaction
110
anemia
low red blood cell count
111
angiopathy
disease of blood vessel
112
anthrax
bacterial illness. Caused by the bacteria: Bacillus Anthracis. Mainly affect wildlife and livestock.
113
Aortic thromboembolism (ATE)
A thrombus is formed(typically in the left atrium) and then dislodges and travels through the aorta distally until it reaches an artery.
- usually in cats
- rear leg
- Causes serious pain and paralysis
-can be caused by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
114
Apnea
not breathing
115
ascites
swelling in the abdomen caused by fluid buildup.
| -most related to liver disease
116
asphyxiation
suffocation
117
aspiriation
inhaling foreign object into the lungs and lower respiratory tract
118
asthma
airways become inflmaed, narrow, swell, and produce extra mucus making it difficult to breathe
- bronchoconstriction, wheezing, coughing
119
Atelectasis
complete or partial collapse of a lung or a section (lobe) of lung.
120
autoimmune disease
The body's immune system attacks healthy cells.
121
Basophilia
- blood condition
| - high basophil count
122
emesis
vommiting
123
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner heart
124
eosinophilia
high eosinophils
125
epistaxis
nose bleed
126
febrile
fever
127
guttural pouch mycosis
-disease in horses
Caused by a fungus that infects the lining of the guttural pouch
-can cause some deep damage to the arteries and nerves
128
hardware disease
(Bovine traumatic reticuloperitonitis)
- caused by the ingestion of a sharp metallic object.
- reticulum; can penetrate the lining
129
Heart failure
can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs
130
Heaves/
| Recurrent airway obstruction)(RAO
-most prevalent lung disease seen in horses.
- equine asthma
- labored breathing
131
Hematemesis
vomiting blood
132
hematochezia
bright red blood in the stool
133
hematoma
collection of blood outside the blood vessels
-causing swelling
134
hemoptysis
coughing up blood
135
hepatoma
benign liver cancer
136
How do anticoagulant rodenticides work?
they stop the ability to clot
-they interfere with vitamin K
137
hypercapnia
high CO2
138
hypersensitivity
allergic reaction
139
hypertension
high blood pressure
140
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
thickening of the heart muscle that causes contractions
- can cause ATE in cats
141
5 signs of inflammation**be able to write them out**
- redness
- heat
- swelling
- pain
- loss of function
142
5 types of white blood cells**be able to write them out*
- Basophil
- Neutrophils
- eosinophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
143
Bovine respiratory disease syndrom(BRDS)(shipping fever)
can be caused by a bacteria, virus, or stress**
-can cause pneumonia
144
hypotension
low blood pressure
145
bronchial lavage
medical procedure in which a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth/nose into the lungs and fluid is squirted into a small part of the lung and then collected for examination.
-typically performed for diagnose of lung disease
146
cachxia
wasting of the body due to severe illness
147
Cancer caused by the feline vaccine administration
- sarcoma
| - feline vaccine related sarcoma
148
carcinomas
malignant tumor of epithelial cells
149
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart caused by fluid collecting in the sac surrounding the heart.
150
cystocentesis
aspirating urine from the bladder using a needle and syringe
151
core vaccines for felines
- FCV: feline calicivirus
- FPV: feline panleukopenia virus
- FeLV: feline leukemia virus
- rabies
- FHV1: herpes virus 1
152
core vaccines for canines
- parovirus
- distemper
- Adenovirus-2
- rabies
153
cardiomegaly
enlarged heart
154
cardiomyopathy
disease of the heart muscle
155
dilated cardiomyopathy
the hearts ability to pump blood is decreased because the hearts main pumping chamber (left ventricle), is enlarged and weakened
156
diastole
resting period
157
systole
contracting period
158
difference between arteries and veins
veins pump blood towards the heart
| arteries take blood away from the heart
159
diseases containing in the EWT/WNV vaccine
- vaccines for horses
| - west nile virus, tetanus, western equine encephalitis, eastern equine encephalitis
160
diseases contained in the DA2PP vaccine
distemper and adenovirus-2
161
diseases containined in the FVRCP vaccine
calici virus, rhinotracheitis, panleukopenia
162
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
163
ecchymosis
spontaneous bruising in large areas
164
edema
fluid buildup in the tissues
165
effusion
fluid buildup in the cavities
166
embolus
blockage; ex: blood clot
167
hypovolemia
decreased volume of circulating blood
168
hypoxia
low oxygen level
169
incidence
ratio of diseased animals to overall population
170
infarct
tissue death from lack of blood flow
171
infectious
spread easily
172
kennel cough
upper respiratory infection in dogs.
- bacterium: Bordatella bronchiseptica followed by canine parainfluenza virus, and lesser extent canine cornavirus
173
labile
killed by boiling
174
leiomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of the muscle
175
leptospirosis
effects the kidneys and liver
| -bacterial disease spread through urine
176
leukocytosis
high white blood cell count
177
leukopenia
low white blood cell count
178
mast cell tumor
malignant tumor of the connective tissue
-most common malignant skin cancer in dogs
179
mediastinum
spot between the lungs.
-heart, esophagus
180
melena
dark black digestive blood in the stool
181
morbidity
number of sick animals to overall population
| incidence
182
mortality
how many sick animals that will die
183
mucoid
fluid made of mucus
184
mucopurulent
pus/mucus
-green/yellow color
185
myelomas
malignant tumor of the bone marrow
186
neutropenia
low neutrophils
187
neutrophillia
high neutrophils
188
rhinitis
inflammation of nasal passages.
-mucus discharge/ sneezing
189
osteomas
benign bone cancer
190
pancytopenia
ALL low blood cell count
191
parvo
disease caused by the parvo virus
Symptom: diarrhea, vomiting
192
parainfluenza
can cause kennel cough
-can affect lower and upper respiratory tracts
193
pericardial effusion
fluid build up around the heart and pericardial sac.
Causes: cardiac tympanade
194
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
195
pericardium
sac around the heart
196
peritoneal cavity
- abdominal cavity
| - potential space between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
197
petechia
pinpoint bruising
198
pleura
lining of the chest cavity (thorax)
199
pleural effusion
fluid buildup in the chest cavity
200
pleurisy
inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and the chest cavity
201
pleuritis
inflammation of the tissues that line the lungs and the chest cavity
-inflammation of pleura
202
pulmonary edema
fluid in the tissue of lungs
203
purulent exudate
discharge made up of pus(wbc)
204
rabies
symptoms: altered behavior, progressive paralysis, death
205
pyothorax
presence of inflammatory fluid or pus within the chest cavity, which is the area between the lungs and inner walls of the ribs
206
recurrent airway syndrome (heaves)
- equine asthma
| - airway constriction in horses
207
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of the muscle
208
what does IMHA stand for? **be able to write it out**
autoimmune hemolytic anemia
209
What does Tb stand for? **be able to write it out**
Tuberculosis
210
sequala
consequence of disease
211
serous
fluid
| -serum
212
sarcomas
malignant tumors of connective tissue
213
rhinopneumonitis
equine herpes virus
214
right AV valve is also known as?
mitral valve
215
shipping fever is also called ?
bovine respiratory syndrome
-caused by virus, bacteria, STRESS
216
strangles
abscess in the lymph nodes
217
tetanus
bacterial infection that causes muscle spasms
(affects the nervous system)
-colstridium tetani
218
thoracic cavity
chest cavty
219
thoracentesis
removal of fluid with a needle and syringe from the thoracic(chest) cavity
220
thrombocytopenia
low thrombocytes
221
types of vaccines:
live-attenuated, inactivated, recombinant, toxoid
222
toxoplasmosis
results from infection with the Toxoplasma gondii parasite
223
vasculitis
inflammation of the blood vessels
224
vector for borrelia burgdorferi
lyme disease
ticks
225
vector for eastern equine encephalitis
mosquito
226
vector for heart worm disease
mosquito
227
what bacteria causes CIRD
bordatella bronchiseptica--kennel cough
228
what does CIRD stand for?
canine infectious respiratory disease
