Exam 1 Flashcards
(257 cards)
1
Q
Fertilization and implantation
A
0-2 weeks in utero
2
Q
Embrynonic Peroid
A
3-8 weeks
3
Q
**Fetal Period
A
9-38 weeks
4
Q
Infancy
A
birth to 1 year.
5
Q
**Childhood
A
1 year to puberty (10-13 years)
6
Q
Adolscence
A
Puberty to adulthood
7
Q
Adulthood
A
Between 18-21 years.
8
Q
During the first month after birth, infant is called ?
A
Neonanate
9
Q
Teratology
A
the study of abnormal development
10
Q
Period of greatest sensitity (abnormal Development)
A
Embryonic Period ( 3-8 weeks)
11
Q
Median ( Midsagittal)
A
A vertical plane which passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into symmetrical right and left halves.
12
Q
Sagittal plane
A
Either within or parallel to but not within the median plane.
13
Q
Coronal ( Frontal Plane
A
Plane which passes through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing into anterior and posterior parts.
14
Q
Horizontal plane
A
Plane which passes through the body, at right angle to both the median and coronal planes, diving the body into upper and lower parts.
15
Q
Cranial or Rostral
A
Towards the head
16
Q
Inferior ( Caudal)
A
Toward the tail
17
Q
Proximal
A
Nearer the trunk
18
Q
Distal
A
Further from the Trunk
19
Q
Anterior (Ventral)
A
Nearer to the front of the body.
20
Q
Posterior (Dorsal
A
Nearer to the back of the body.
21
Q
Medial
A
Toward the median plane.
22
Q
Lateral:
A
Away from the median plane
23
Q
Superficial (External):
A
Nearer the surface of the body.
24
Q
Deep (Internal)
A
Nearer the interior of the body.
25
Parietal
Relating to the lining of a cavity.
26
Visceral:
Relating to the covering of an organ.
27
Gametogenesis
The process that results in the production of MATURE sperm and oocytes
28
Spermatogenesis
Mature Sperm in males
29
Oogenesis
A sequence of events by which oogonia are transformed into mature into mature oocytes.
30
How many chromosomes and chromatin does the primary spermatocytes have ?
46 Double strands chromosomes
| 92 chromatid
31
How many chromosomes and chromatin does the Secondary spermatocytes have ?
They Create haploid spermatids
23 double stranded chromosomes and
46 chromatids.
32
Mature Sperm
23 single stranded chromosomes and 23 chromatids
33
Oogenesis
Asymmetrical division(female)
34
Structure of the mature Sperm are
1) Head
2) Neck
3) Tail
4) Acrosome
35
What does the acrosome contain ?
It contains Enzymes which allow sperm penetration of the oocyte during fertilization.
36
Spermatids?
Are in between the secondary spermatocytes and the mature sperm.
37
When does the process of oogenesis begin ?
Before birth
38
What is a zona pellucida ?
A covering of a amorphous acellular glycoproteinaceous material
39
Oogonia is what kind of cell ?
diploid cell that is enlarged to form primary oocyte before birth.
40
The diploid cell that is enlarged to form primary oocyte before birth
Oogonia
41
Where does the most common fertilization takes place?
in the Ampulla of the uterine tube.
42
What the time of the of fertilization?
24 hours
43
What part does the sperm penetrate first for fertilization to occur? (part 1)
Corona Radiata
44
What part does the sperm penetrate second in order for fertilization to occur? (part 2)
Zona Pellucida
45
Zona Reaction is ?
Zona Reaction is when the zona pellucida is penetrated by A sperm reaction occurs which makes it Impermeable to other sperms.
46
What is the reaction called when the Zona pellucida has been penetrated by a sperm reaction which makes it impermeable to other sperms
Zona Reaction
47
Which term is used to describe after birth?
A. Postnatal
B. Perinatal
C. Neonatal
D. Prenatal
Postnatal.
48
The embryonic period is during which weeks?
3-8 weeks
49
Which embryonic direction is synonymous with inferior in an adult
Caudal
50
What is the term to describe the interchange of chromatid segments between homologous chromosomes during the first meiotic division?
Crossover
51
Failure of a pair of chromosomes to split during meiosis is called
Nondisjunction
52
What is the immature form of sperm called
Spermatid
53
What part of the mature sperm contains enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the oocyte?
Acrosome
54
In oogenesis, what is the product of the 1st meiotic division?
Secondary oocyte, first polar body.
55
What is the amorphous, acellular layer of an oocyte
Zona Pellucida
56
T/F: Sperm transports in the opposite direction of the ovary.
True
57
What is the narrowest part of the uterine tube
Isthmus
58
. T/F: In nulliparous women (one with no children) the walls of the uterine tube are thin.
False
59
What part of the uterus is the narrow constricted portion between the body and the cervix?
internal Os
60
What is the most common site of fertilization
Ampulla
61
What part of the uterine tubes do the sperm travel for fertilized.
Ampulla
62
What is the process that produces mature sperm and Oocytes
Gametogenesis
63
What is the period of highest risk to teratogens
Embryonic Period.
64
What is the term for period around the time of birth? Third Trimester through the 1st month of life after birth.
Perinatal.
65
Is spermatogenesis asymmetrical division ?
Yes
66
What are large diploid cells that enlarge to form primary oocytes.
Oogonia
67
Primary Oocytes
Diploid cells that begin the first meiotic division before birth, but do not complete it until puberty
68
Diploid cells that begin the first meiotic division before birth, but do not complete it until puberty
Primary Oocytes
69
What is haploid cells that begins it second meiotic division during ovulation.
Secondary Oocyte
70
What is Ovulation
The release of the oocyte, its ovarian follicle.
71
How many ovarian follicles mature each month following puberty?
One
72
Just prior to ovulation, what doe the primary oocyte complete?
First meiotic division
73
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome
74
Monosomy
Turner syndrome
75
What do the terms haploid and diploid refer to
Number of chromosomes
76
What is the inner layer of an oocyte that is acellular?
Zona Pellucida
77
What is the outer layer of an oocyte that contain follicular cells?
Corona Radiata
78
What hormone are secreted by the ovaries
Estrogen
Progesterone
Relaxin ( when giving Birth.
79
During capacitation where do the sperm contact
Zona Pellucid ( oocytes covering
80
How long does the Ischemic phase of the uterine cycle lasts?
around 1-2 days
81
What occurs during the ischemic phase of the uterine cycle
Spiral arteries constrict due to a lack of hormone.
82
How long does the secretory phase of the uterine cycle last ?
5-6 days
83
What hormone is high in the system during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
Progesterone
84
During Secretory phase of the uterine cycle what formation occurs on the ovary
Corpus luteum.
85
What hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary?
FSH and LH
86
Who reaches puberty first
Females.
87
Parietal ?
Relating to the lining of a cavity
88
Visceral?
Relating to the covering of an organ.
89
Perimetrium
Thin outer peritonel layer
90
Myometrium
thick smooth layer
91
Endometrium
thin layer mucosal layer which includes Functional layer and basil layer
92
Functional layer
Superficial slough off during menstruation.
93
Basilar layers
Deep, is retained and regenerates functional layer.
94
Where does capacitation of the sperm start ?
In the uterus/ uterine tubes
95
How long does the process of capacitation last?
6-7 hours.
96
During capacitation where do the sperm contact?
Zona Pellucida ( Oocytes Covering)
97
What are the mechanism of the reproductive system In females?
Hormones releasing factors ( HRF) , Released through the pituitary, taken to the anterior love of the pituitary gland, and manufacturing gonadotrophic hormones (FSH and LH)
98
What phase is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) high in the system ?
Follicular Phase
99
What happens during the follicular phase
Development and maturation of the follicles
100
How many primary follicle completes the maturation process in each cycle
One --The rest degenerate s into atretic follicles.
101
What type of follicle contains fluid and enlarge to form the antrum?
Secondary Follicle
102
What type of follicle that is dominant of the cycle which eventually budges from the surface of the ovary
Mature Follicle
103
Mature Follicle
Dominant follicle of the cycle which eventually bulges from the surface of the ovary
104
The release of secondary Oocyte from mature follicle
Ovulation
105
What happens during the ovulatory phase ?
Ovulation and release of oocyte
106
During what phase does luteinizing hormone (LH) increase in the system ?
Ovulatory phase
107
What hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the development of Ovarian follicles?
Follicle stimulating Hormones (FSH)
108
What hormone stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and estrogen secretion by follicular cells
Follicle stimulating Hormone (FSH)
109
What hormone initiates ovulation and secretion of progesterone by follicular cells and Corpus luteum
Leutizing Hormone (LH)
110
what is a white small fibrous scar on the ovary called
Corpus albicans
111
When does Corpus albicans occur?
When the oocyte is not fertilized
112
When the oocyte is not fertilized, its replaced by a small white fibrous scar on the ovary called?
Corpus albicans.
113
If fertilization does occur, what is that called?
Corpus luteum of pregnancy
114
What happens when the corpus luteum enlarges and increase its output of progetoron and estrogen to become ?
corpus luteum of pregnancy
115
What happens during the ovulatory phase
Ovulation and release of oocyte.
116
During what phase foes the lutenizing hormone increase in the system?
Ovulatory Phase
117
What happens during the luteal phase
Developing of the corpus luteum.
Increase of progesterone
118
What phase is luteinizing hormone( LH) high in the system?
Luteal Phase.
119
What is the functional layer sloughed off during the uterine cycle
Menstrual phase of the uterine
120
when does the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle begin?
First day of menstruation
121
How long does the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle last?
4 to 5 days
122
What phase does follicular occur during the uterine cycle
proliferation phase
123
What hormone builds higher in the system during proliferation of the uterine cycle
Estrogen
124
when does estrogen build higher in the system?
Proliferation phase of the uterine cycles
125
How long does the proliferation phase of the uterine cycle last?
10 days
126
When is the formation of the corpus luteum on the ovary
Secretory phase of the uterine cycle
127
What hormone is higher in the system during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Progesterone
128
How long does the secretory phase of the uterine cycle last?
Day 14- 27
129
What occurs during the ischemic phase of the uterine cycle
Spiral arteries Constrict due to as lack of hormones.
130
How long does the ischemic phase of the uterine cycle last?
about 1-2 days
131
What sugar is sperm nourished by ?
Fructose
132
During ovulation the mucus becomes what, to facilitate the passage of sperms capacitation
Less viscous
133
What is the period of maturation for sperm following ejaculation?
Capacitation
134
How long does capacitation last
7 hours
135
What occurs when the sperm contacts the zone pellucida and the zone pellucida doesn't allow any other sperms inside the cell?
Zona Reaction
136
What occurs when the sperm come in contact with the corona radiata of the oocyte ?
Acrosome Reaction.
137
The oocyte containing the 2 unfused pronuclei
ootid
138
Formation of the zygote
Fusion of haploid male and Females pronuclei to form a single diploid cell.
(46 single stranded )
139
Fusion of haploid male and Females pronuclei to form a single diploid cell.
(46 single stranded )
Formation of the zygote
140
what are the 4 results of fertilization
Restoration of diploid chromosomal number ( 46 d or 2n)
| Species variation, determination of sex and initiation of zygote division
141
what forms when games fuse
Zygote
142
Where does fertilization begin
Ampulla of the uterine tube
143
during cleavage what does the zygote undergo?
a series of rapid mitotic division
144
How long after fertilization does it take for a single cell zygote to complete its first mitotic division
30 hours
145
What is it called once the zygote structure becomes 16- 32 cells?
Morula
146
The morula does not grow outward but___ in cells
Increase
147
What two cell masses does compaction of the morula produce ?
Embryoblast ( inner cell mass centrally located large size) and trophoblast ( outer cell mass (small sized out cells)
148
With the development of the morula,____ start to full into spaces in the morula and pushes the ______ to one side and the _______ outside of the morula.
fluid; embryoblast; trophoblast.
149
What cells division slows down on the 3rd-4th day
embryoblasts
150
what is the end at which the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall?
embryonic end
151
What happens on day 6 of fertilization
Blastocysts attaches to the endometrial epithelium usually high on the posterior wall of the uterine cavity.
152
What are the two layers that trophoblast differentiate into ?
Cytotrophoblast and Syntrophoblast
153
What trophoblast derivative layer is cellular and helps keep the structure intact ?
Cytotrophoblast
154
What trophoblast derivative layer is ideal for penetration into the endometrium of the uterus
Syncytiotrophoblast
155
What trophoblast derivative layer is a multinucleate protoplasmic mass formed by the fusion of cells ?
Syncytiotrophoblast
156
What day does the Syncytiotrophoblast start to penetrate into the uterus
7th and its completed during the second week.
157
How is the blastocyst superficially implanted in the endometrium
By the pulling of the Syncytiotrophoblast
158
what trophoblast derivative layer produces proteolytic enzymes that erode the endometrium which allow the blastocyst to burrow into it.
Syncytiotrophoblast
159
Fertilization
O hrs
160
Zygote Formation
24 hours
161
Morula Formation
3 days
162
Blastocyst formation
4 days
163
Blastocyst attachment (implantation )
6-7 days
164
what is the pregnancy hormone ?
Human Gonadotropin (HCG)
165
the Syncytiotrophoblast produces what kind of hormone which enters the martial blood.
HCG
166
The ____ maintains the hormonal activity of the____ ____ in the ovary during pregnancy/
HCG; Corpus luteum.
167
What day does the embryo begin to differentiate into the flat circular bilaminar layer
8th day
168
What are the two layers in the embryoblast consist of ?
Hypoblast layer and epiblast layer.
169
What is the outer layer of the blastocyst called ?
Syncytiotrophoblast
170
The exocoelemic membrane that is continuous with the hypoblast surrounds which umbilical vesicle
Primary
171
What population of cells appear between the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast externally and the amnion and exocoelomic membrane internally
Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
172
What forms within the syncytiotrophoblast.
Lacunae
173
At what day does the lacunae form
day 9
174
extraembryonic coelom divides the extraembryonic mesoderm into
1) extraembryonic somatic mesoderm: lining cytotrophoblast and amnion 2) extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm: lining umbilical vesicl
175
The chorion is formed by the:
1) extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
2) cytotrophoblast
3) syncytiotrophoblast
176
The chorion is formed by the following except…
A. Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm B. Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm C. Syncytiotrophoblast D. Cytotrophoblast
Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
177
Decidual Reaction
endometrial cells swell as they fill with glycogen and lipids to provide nutrients to the early embryo.
178
By day 10 the embryo is
completely implanted in the endometrium and the decidual reaction occurs.
179
The lacunae establish the
primordial uteroplacental circulation, allowing oxygen and nutrients to reach the developing embryo and deoxygenated blood to leave it.
180
The chorion forms the wall
chorionic sac and is the outermost fetal membrane.
181
within the chorionic sac by the connecting stalk are the:
1 embryo
2) amniotic sac
3) umbilical vesicle
182
The extraembryonic coelom will become the ?
chorionic cavity.
183
Days 13 and 14 are characterized by the development of ?
primary chorionic villi
184
e prechordal plate is the site of formation of the ?
e mouth and is important in development of the head.
185
-Ectopic tubal pregnancy
implantation in uterine tubes (95% of ectopic pregnancy
186
-Ectopic abdominal pregnancy
implantation in rectouterine pouch
187
-Ectopic Cervical pregnancy:
implantation in cervical canal
188
-Ectopic mesenteric pregnancy:
implantation in mesentery of small intestine
189
-Primary Ovarian Pregnancy
implantation in ovary
190
Most spontaneous abortions occur within
first 3 weeks after fertilization
191
What is the percentage from chromosomal abnormalities
50%
192
the process by which the bilaminar embryonic disc is converted into the trilaminar embryonic disc.
Gastrulation
193
What is the source of all three germ layers?
epiblast.
194
what are the three germ layer of the epiblast ?
1) Ectoderm
2) Mesoderm
3) Endoderm
195
Gastrulation begins with the formation of the_______ on the epiblast
primitive streak
196
Endoderm:
invaginating cells which displace the hypoblast
197
invaginating cells which displace the hypoblast
Endoderm
198
Mesoderm
by cells which lie between the epiblast and newly created endoderm
199
by cells which lie between the epiblast and newly created endoderm
Mesoderm
200
Ectoderm
by cells which remain in the epiblast.
201
by cells which remain in the epiblast.
Ectoderm
202
primitive streak disappears by the end of the
4th week
203
AAttaches to endometrial epithelium high on posterior wall of uterine cavity
Attachment of Blastocyst
204
Syncytiotrophoblast invades endometrium – blastocyst embedded
Inplantation of blastocyst
205
Syncytiotrophoblast secretes hCG, maintains what ?
maintains corpus luteum
206
Presence of hCG
Pregnancy
207
Neurulation
Formation of neural Tube
Neuroectoderm differentiate into CNS
Completion occurs during the fourth week
208
Mesenchyme:
an undifferentiated connective tissue
209
Formation of Somite's:
Early in third week, mesoderm is organized into three distinct columns?
Paraxial Mesoderm (divides into 2)
Intermediate Mesoderm
Lateral mesoderm
210
What is the term to describe an undifferentiated tissue
Mesenchyme
211
At day 8, the embryoblast differentiates into ?
hypoblast layer: small cuboidal cells adjacent to the blastocystic cavity
epiblast layer: tall columnar cells adjacent to the amniotic cavity
212
The embryonic disc lies between the
amniotic cavity and primary umbilical vesicle.
213
A new population of cells appears called the
extraembryonic mesoder
214
extraembryonic mesoderm, which eventually fills the space between the
) cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast externally 2) amnion and exocoelomic membrane internally
215
At day 9, lacunae (spaces) form within
syncytiotrophoblast.
216
The lacunae establish the primordial uteroplacental circulation
allowing oxygen and nutrients to reach the developing embryo and deoxygenated blood to leave it.
217
Decidual Reaction:
l cells swell as they fill with glycogen and lipids to provide nutrients to the early embryo.
218
Days 13 and 14 are characterized by the development of
primary chorionic villi
219
The extraembryonic coelom divides the extraembryonic mesoderm into
extraembryonic somatic mesoderm: lining cytotrophoblast and amnion 2) extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm: lining umbilical vesicle
220
The chorion is formed by the:
extraembryonic somatic mesoderm 2) cytotrophoblast 3) syncytiotrophoblast
221
The chorion forms the wall of the
chorionic sac and is the outermost fetal membrane
222
Suspended within the chorionic sac by the connecting stalk are the
1) embryo 2) amniotic sac 3) umbilical vesicle
223
The extraembryonic coelom will become
chorionic cavity.
224
he prechordal plate is the site of formation of the
mouth and is important in development of the
225
-Ectopic tubal pregnancy
implantation in uterine tubes (95% of ectopic pregnancy
226
-Ectopic abdominal pregnancy
implantation in rectouterine pouch
227
-Ectopic Cervical pregnancy
: implantation in cervical canal
228
-Ectopic mesenteric pregnancy
implantation in mesentery of small intestine
229
-Primary Ovarian Pregnancy
implantation in ovary
230
Spontaneous Abortion:
Miscarriage
Most spontaneous abortions occur within the first 3 weeks • after fertilization
Over 50% result from chromosomal abnormalitie
231
Most spontaneous abortions occur within the first 3 weeks • after fertilization
Over 50% result from chromosomal abnormalitie
Spontaneous Abortion:
232
Gastrulation is the process by which the
Gastrulation is the process by which the
233
Formation of the three germ
Mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm
234
Gastrulation
Formation of primitive streak on epibalst
Cranial end of primitive streak=primitive node
Primitive groove in primitive streak, terminates at primitive pit
Cells in epiblast migrate toward primitive streak
235
Epiblast is the source of
All three Germ Layer
236
Prechondral plate forms what membrane
oropharyngeal membrane
237
Cloacal membrane future site of the?
Anus
238
Notochord plate rolls up to form ?
Notochord
239
Neurulation
Formation of neural tube
Neuroectoderm differentiates into cns
Completion occurs during fourth week
240
Mesenchyme
an undifferentiated connective tissue
241
Early in third week, mesoderm is organized into three distinct columns
Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral mesoderm
242
Somites gives rise to
Axial skeleton
Axial musculature
Dermis of skin
243
How many pairs of somites develop between day 20-30
38 pairs develop between day 20-30
244
Intraembryonic coelom, Form three major body cavities during second month of development:
Pericardial cavity
Pleural cavity
Peritoneal cavity
245
1st system to be functional
Cardiovascular system
246
The notochordal process consists of?
mesoderm and grows cranially until it reaches the prechordal plate.
247
The prechordal plate forms the______,, which represents the future site of the______
Oropharyngeal Membrane; oral Cavity.
248
The cloacal membrane lies_____, to the primitive streak , and represents the future site of the____ ?
Caudal; anus
249
middle of the third week, mesoderm separates separates endoderm and ectoderm everywhere except at the ?
1) oropharyngeal membrane, cranially 2) cloacal membrane, caudally
250
T/F: The cloacal membrane represents the future site of the oral cavity. ?
False- caudally (anus)
251
defines the longitudinal axis of the embryo
The Notochord:
252
provides rigidity to the embryo
The Notochord:
253
forms the central part of the intervertebral discs (nucleus pulposus)
The Notochord:
254
is the primary signaling center for development in the early embryo
The Notochord:
255
What are the main functions of the notochord ?
1) defines the longitudinal axis of the embryo 2) provides rigidity to the embryo 3) forms the central part of the intervertebral discs (nucleus pulposus) 4) is the primary signaling center for development in the early embryo
256
Neurulation
formation of the neural tube.- CNS
257
formation of the neural tube.- CNS
Neurulation
