Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Invertebrate Zoology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(64 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Acoelomate

A

No coelom; no separate internal body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tripbloblastic

A

3 tissues:

1) Mesoderm
2) Endoderm
3) Ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tiger Flatworm

A 
Species name: Pseudoceros crozerri
Phylum Platyhelmynthes
From Bermuda
5cm in length max
Feeds on orange sea squirts (Ecteinascidia turbinata)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Red Banded Coral Shrimp

A

Species name: Stenopus hispidus
From Bonaire in Caribbean
Cleaning shrimp
Hiding place found by 2 white antennae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Metazoa

A

Kingdom Animalia

Scientists have moved away from “kingdoms”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Protozoa

A

Basic, single-celled animal-like life
Refers to heterotrophic life forms
Used to refer to Phylum Protozoa; now it is realized protozoa describes several phyla, not a single phylum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Not able to make their own food; must capture food or energy through some method of consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Amoeba

A

One of the common protozoans to know

Pseudopodia protrude from central mass (round/blobby protrusions; round pseudopods)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Foraminiferans

A

One of the common protozoans to know

Able to make hard shells/cases

Shells known as tests:

  • -Outer hard cases
  • -Composed of CALCIUM CARBONATE
  • -Perforated to allow CYTOPLASM to come through

String-like pseudopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Plasmodium

A

One of the common protozoans to know

Genus that contains the malaria-causing protozoan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Paramecium

A

One of the common protozoans to know

Phylum Ciliophora
–Named for cilia found on these organisms

Look long and oval

TWO types of nuclei:

1) Macronucleus
2) Micronucleus

Covered w/ cilia

TWO types of vacuoles:

1) Contractile Vacuole
2) Food Vacuole

Most found in FRESHWATER

Reproduction:
Asexual (binary fission) or sexual (conjugation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

Attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Purpose: OSMOREGULATION

  • -Get rid of excess water
  • -Maintain a balance of water inside the cell

Needed because it is found in freshwater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Food Vacuole

A

Brings in food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Binary Fission

A

Asexual reproduction

Split self into 2 organisms

Horizontally aligned

NO genetic recombination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Conjugation

A

Sexual reproduction

Vertically aligned

2 Paramecia come together

Active role of micronuclei

Only MICROnuclei go through meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Evidence of a nucleus found about ___________ years ago

A

1.8 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

White Cliffs of Dover

A

Composed of limestone or chalk

Accumulation of ancient foraminifera shells or tests deposited during the Cretaceous period

Compressed and uplifted over time

Many foraminifera tests cause the white color because they are composed of limestone or chalk

Very prominent landmark

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Protozoa

A

Basic, single-celled animal-like life

Many forms:

  • Amoaba
  • Paramecium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Unable to make own food

Must capture food/energy through some method of consumption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Metazoa

A

Kingdom Animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ameba

A

Pseudopodia protrude from central mass

  • Round/blobby protrusions
  • -Round pseudopods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Foraminiferans

A

Able to make hard shells/cases (tests)

Perforations in tests allow cytoplasm to come through

String-like extensions protrude from perforations
-String-like pseudopods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Plasmodium

A

Genus that contains malaria-causing protozoans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Paramecium

A

Phylum Ciliophora
-Named for cilia found on these organisms

Look LONG and OVAL

2 nuclei:

  • Macronucleus
  • Micronucleus

Covered in cilia

2 vacuoles:

  • Contractile
  • Food

Most in freshwater

  • Solute less concentrated than Paramecium
  • –Semi-permeable membrane (no contractile vacuole = burst organism)

Move with cilia

Pellicle: Outer surgace

Trichocysts: Defense mechanism (harpoon-like structure)

Reproduction:

  • Binary Fission
  • Conjugation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Binary Fission
Asexual reproduction Split self into 2 organisms Horizontally aligned (think of insects mating): Aligned on small portion NO genetic recombination
26
Conjugation
Sexual reproduction Vertically aligned Line up at oral surfaces Active role of MICRONUCLEI Only MICRONUCLEI go through meiosis
27
Contractile Vacuole
Attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Purpose: OSMOREGULATION -Get rid of excess water -Maintain a balance of water inside the cell Needed because it is found in freshwater
28
Food Vacuole
Brings in food
29
Plasmodium
Pathogen causes malaria Phylum Apicomplexa Requires specific genus of mosquito: Anopheles mosquito Vector and definitive host: mosquito Intermediate host: human
30
Plasmodium: Sexual Cycle
Occurs in mosquito FEMALE mosquito takes in Plasmodium gametocytes when sucking blood Swallows gametocytes In midgut (stomach), tranform into gametes and fertilization occurs (2n/diploid) At fertilization, nerwly formed zygote turns into ookinete (embryo), which is mobile for of Plasmodium Ookinete moves to lining of midgut Forms cyst-like stage (oocyst) -Dormant stage ``` Sporogeny occurs (ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION) -Single oocyst undergoes both MEIOSIS and MULTIPLE FISSION (n/haploid) ``` Oocyst transform to SPOROZOITE (n/haploid) -Active Sporozoites transfer to salivary glands to be injected to next host
31
Plasmodium: Asexual Cycle
Sporozoites enter host via mosquito saliva; migrate through blood, seek liver - Liver is huge internal organ, much vascular supply - Good place to gain nutrients for reproduction Sporozoites transformed to MEROZOITES after schizogony, which are released from the liver Enter red blood cells to feed and ASEXUALLY reproduce (SCHIZOGENY) (TROPHOZOITE in active feeding form) After reproduction, the merozoites literally burst red blood cells; infect additional red blood cells
32
Treatments for malaria
Quinine Chinese wormwood -From Artemisinin Sickle-cell Anemia: -EVOLVED treatments
33
Plasmodium is ___________ a) multicellular b) unicellular
b) unicellular Has > or = 5 cell types/stages
34
Porifera
Sponges Plant-like The first ancient, multicellular animal group Closest relative? -UNCLEAR; possibly CHOANOFLAGELLATES
35
Choanoflagellates and Sponges
Choanoflagellates have little "fingers" and flagella; look similar to COLLAR CELLS in sponges Choanoflagellates can differentiate into other cell types in a lifetime (unlike collar cells in sponges)
36
Classification of Sponges
Metazoa - Grade Parazoa - -Class Demospongiae (most common class of sponges)
37
Spicules
Hard part of sponge skeleton ONLY in sponges Way to differentiate b/w classes (silica vs. calcium carbonate)
38
Skeletal Support: Sponges
Spongnin (made of collagen): Soft skeleton Spicules: Hard skeleton
39
What makes sponges more plant-like?
Hollow central cavity (spongocoel/atrium) -Sometimes canals attached Ostia: -Water enters here Oscula: -Water exits here
40
Sponges are _________ a) sessile b) planktonic c) nekton d) in Phylum Cnidaria
a) sessile Note on d): Sponges are in PORIFERA, NOT Cnidaria (sea jellies, sea anemones, etc.); DO NOT CONFUSE
41
Warning Coloration
Bright colors usually advertise dangerous animal (usually poisonous) Sponges have a number of toxins (chemically active compounds)
42
Sponge cell types
Collar cells/Choanocytes Archeocytes/Amebocytes Pinacocytes
43
Collar cells
AKA Choanocytes Line canals and cavities Used for FILTER FEEDING Made of: - Cell bod - "Collar" - --Spiky bits that stick up from cell - --Made of microfibrils - Flagellum - --Used to beat and move water (similar to cilia) Embedded in mesohyl - NOT a tissue layer - Gelatinous matrix
44
Archeocytes
AKA Amebacytes Wander around mesohyl STEM CELLS of a sponge -Differentiate into ANY sponge cell type
45
Pinacocytes
Cells cover outer surface of sponge
46
Feeding/Digestion of SPONGES
Filter feeders: - Good at water flow - Eat organic particles (bacteria and microorganisms) - Actively pump water - --Filter 1500liter per day Flagella beat back and forth
47
Filter Feeding Process of Sponges:
Flagella: Action of many beating causes water flow Collar: composed of microvilli (vertical) and microfibrils (horizontal); covered by mucus (causes stickiness); food gets stuck in collar due to sticky sieve Food particles and mucus flow down into cell body
48
Intracellular Digestion
Digestion occurs inside of a cell Process in sponge: - -Food vacuole: Food particles are brought here for INITIAL DIGESTION - -Digestion COMPLETED in archeocytes
49
Sponge Canal Types
1) Asconoid 2) Syconoid 3) Leuconoid
50
Sponge Canal: Asconoid
MOST SIMPLE Just central chamber (spongocoel) lined with collar cells --Digestion occurs in spongocoel LEAST effective (LOW surface area-to-volume ratio)
51
Sponge Canal: Syconoid
INTERMEDIATE Collar cells line side canals (INCURRENT and RADIAL canals) Choanocytes located in RADIAL canals
52
Sponge Canal: Leuconoid
MOST COMPLEX Choanocytes line millions of FLAGELLATED CHAMBERS MOST common type of sponge HIGHEST efficiency; highest surface area-to-volume ratio
53
Efficiency of Filtration Rate
Leuconoid with flagellated chambers is most efficient --Capable of being much larger in size than other sponge canal types As size of interior cavity INCREASES, volume INCREASES, surface area DECREASES; surface area is where choanocytes are located, so being larger NOT advantageous - -Asconoids: Large V, small SA = INEFFICIENT - -Leuconoids: Small V, large SA = EFFICIENT
54
Cnidaria
Organized body plan: - Radial Symmetry - Tissues Grade Eumetazoa (TISSUES present) - Class Hydrozoa - Class Scyphozoa - Class Anthozoa - Class Myxozoa
55
Class Hydrozoa
Single, noncolonial: Hydra Colonial: Physalia (Portuguese Man-Of-War)
56
Class Scyphozoa
Sea jellies | -Sea turtles eat jellies and often mistake plastic bags for sea jellies (both translucent)
57
Class Anthozoa
Sea anemones
58
Class Myxozoa
Contains "oddballs" of cnidarians | -Parasitic cnidarians
59
Cnidarian body morphs
Medusa type: -Jellies Dimorphic/Polymorphic animals (exist in different forms) Sea jellies start as POLYPS than morph into MEDUSA
60
Cnidarian Polyp Morph
Benthic form - -Not very mobile or float in water - -Associated with substrate; NOT completely sessile Small Long-lived --Longer-lived than medusa-type jelly Gastrovascular cavity, epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea, mouth, and tentacle present
61
Cnidarian Medusa Morph
Free-floating/swimming Larger in size Sexually reproductive form Gastrovascular cavity, epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea, mouth, and tentacle present
62
Diploblastic
2 tissues - Epidermis - Gastrodermis
63
Mesoglea
Pink layer b/w tissue layers NOT tissue Gelatinous (jelly-like) matrix that separates the epidermis from the gastrodermis
64
Cnidocyte
Contain NEMATOCYSTS - Little stinging harpoon-like organelles of cnidocyte - Have FAST rate of firing (2-10 milliseconds) - --One of fastest responses in animal kingdom

Invertebrate Zoology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions