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Invertebrate Zoology > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Triploblastic

A

3 tissue layers:

1) Ectoderm
2) Mesoderm
3) Endoderm

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2
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Flat, worm-like

Range from < 1mm to many meters

20,000 described species

Free-living: Predators and scavengers (Turbellaria)

Parasites: Important parasites of verts (including humans)

Freshwater, marine, terrestrial habitats

Organ-system level of organization

Complex life cycles in PARASITIC flatworms

Acoelomate

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3
Q

The COELOMATE body plan evolved ___________ the ACOELOMATE body plan

A

BEFORE

Evolved Before branch to protostomes

Platyhelminthes is unique example of this, only a few other lineages have acoelomate body plan

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4
Q

Turbellarians feed using __________-

A

Protrusible pharynx

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5
Q

Rhabdites

A

Rod-shaped cells in epidermis of turbellarians

Swell to form protective mucous sheath around the body when discharged with water

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6
Q

Transverse Section

A

Cross section

Could be from anywhere in body

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7
Q

Frontal/Longitudinal Section

A

Cuts body into DORSAL and VENTRAL portions

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8
Q

Saggital Section

A

Cuts body into LEFT and RIGHT portions

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9
Q

Acoelomate

A

LOSS of coelom

Interior filled with PARENCHYMA (tissue type)

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10
Q

Parenchyma is derived from which tissue layer?

A

Mesoderm

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11
Q

Why do flatworms have a flat body?

A

Small and flat to increase SA to V ratio and thus increase diffusion rate

Rely on gas exchange via diffusion

DISADVANTAGE:

  • Dessication
  • Increased sun exposure
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12
Q

Are flatworms uniform on all sides?

A

NO, they are BILATERALLY symmetric

Ventral side has a ciliated epidermis:

  • Helps animals glide over surfaces
  • Beating of cilia used in locomotion over a surface
  • Rhabdite cells secrete mucous/slime to slide over
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13
Q

Platyhelminthes: Digestive Tract

A

ONE opening: Mouth

Mouth opens at tip of pharynx in MIDDLE of body, NOT anteriorly

Pharynx: Muscular, extendable feeding organ used to suck prey tissue into digestive tract

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14
Q

Osmoregulatory system _____________ from digestive system

A

completely separate

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15
Q

Immortal Jellyfish

A

Turritopsis (Hydrozoa)

Able to go forward and backward in life cycle

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16
Q

Leopard frogs are ______________ along with freshwater snails for fluke

A

Intermediate hosts

Atrazine (pesticide) weakens immunity

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17
Q

Fasciola hepatica Life Cycle

A

Fluke cycle

1) Encapsulated miracidium (“egg”)/EMBRYO deposited in feces
2) Hatches once in freshwater into free-swimming MIRACIDIUM
3) Miracidia bore into snail host (INTERMEDIATE host) to become SPOROCYST
4) Sporocyst develops into may REDIAE
5) Rediae form CERCARIAE, which break out of snail’s body; free-swimming stage
6) Cercariae swims to vegetation near water, where it encysts to become METACERCARIAL CYST
7) Metacercarial cyst consumed by sheep (FINAL HOST), where METACERCARIA hatches out of cyst and becomes ADULT FLUKE

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18
Q

Taenia solium Life Cycle

A

Tapeworm; Class Cestoda

1) Eggs come out in human feces
2) Eggs consumed by pig (INTERMEDIATE HOST) and hatch to become ONCOSPHERE larvae
3) Oncosphere larvae migrate from digestive tract to muscles and become ENCYSTED; Pork slaughtered, human (DEFINITIVE HOST) ingests BLADDERWORM/CYSTICERCUS (encysted larvae)
4) Transform into TAPEWORM
5) GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS shed off and exit with fecal matter

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19
Q

Why do Taenia put so much effort into gonads?

A

NO digestive system, nutrients absorbed through skin via diffusion

No need to put nutrients to digestion, all nutrients go toward reproduction to increase fitness

Up to 70% body dedicated to reproduction

Eggs only have infinitesimal chance of survival; produce many = increased chance that at least one survives

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20
Q

Flame cells

A

AKA protonephridia

Function: Osmoregulation

Tuft of flagella/cilia is encased/encircled by mesh covering (microfibril “cage” to filter)

Motion of tuft resembled flame -> “flame cell”

Entry points for fluid (H2O), small ions, organic molecules

Materials needed by the worm are reabsorbed along the walls of the tubule system

Eventually “pee” out unwanted fluids via excretory pores

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21
Q

Osmoregulatory structures

A

Flame cells

  • Flagella/cilia
  • Microfibrils

Osmoregulatory tubules

  • AKA Excretory canal
  • -Plays MINOR role in excretion
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22
Q

Osmoregulatory system necessary to prevent__________

A

Worm from bursting

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23
Q

Water intoxication can occur ______ for large animals

A

QUICKLY

This is why osmoregulatory systems are INTEGRAL to FW flatworms (MARINE do NOT need extensive system due to solute concentration higher on outside and thus water lower inside worm)

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24
Q

Neoblasts

A

SUPER stem cells

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25
New Zealand Flatworm: Hunting
Stalk prey using sense organs Chemical sense organs to taste trail of prey (earthworms leave slime trail behind)
26
High reproductive rates in ________ host
FINAL
27
Hooks
Used to attach to host
28
Do tapeworms have eyespots?
NO
29
Molluscs are the _______ largest group of animals
SECOND Arthropods are first
30
Mollusc Features
Bilateral Triploblastic Eucoelomates Unsegmented Coelom reduced Complete gut = Mouth AND anus (food travels unidirectionally) Dorsal visceral mass Mantle (glandular/secretory: secretes shell) Mantle cavity (surrounds mantle) Muscular foot (ventral to other organs) Radula (NOT bivalves) Open circulatory system with heart --Cephalopods have 3 hearts Specific larval stages (trocophore and veliger)
31
Molluscan Classes
Polyplacophora Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda
32
Most molluscs are in the ______ group
Conchifera; has bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods, and more The rest are in Aculifera (just polyplacophora and one other)
33
Ancestral Mollusc
Dorsal visceral mass: All organs in dorsal portion of mollusc Ventral muscular foot Mantle/mantle cavity Shell Radula
34
Radula
Scrapes food/tissue from surface "Tongue"-like organ covered with teeth Bivalves LOST radula (filter feeders -> they use gils to feed) Radula and teeth on it: Size and arrangement SPECIES-SPECIFIC (useful TAXONOMIC feature for distinguishing species) --Radula generally all that's intact in molluscan fossils Tongue-like structure moves in and out of mouth on cartilage
35
Class Bivalvia
2 lateral shells/valves Radula LOST Suspension/filter feeders Sedentary (except larvae) -Larvae motile LITTLE cephalization -Hard to tell head from tail Most MARINE -Few FW Tiny to gigantic (microscopic to half a ton) Derived mollusc group
36
Umbo
Oldest part of bivalve shell Growth rings radiate from here; can determine age by counting rings (like a tree)
37
Bivalves 2 shells attached at __________
Hinge ligament
38
___________________ make valves come together
Adducter muscles NOT the Hinge ligament Contracted = valves shut for protection Relaxed = valves open for feeding
39
Incurrent siphon
Water ENTERS
40
Excurrent siphon
Water EXITS
41
Vulnerability of FW bivalves
N. American FW mussels imperiled (70%) 35 species EXTINCT, 70 endangered/threatened, 180 critically imperiled FILTER FEEDING makes them susceptible to water pollution and changes in physical habitat Sensitive indicators of the health of aquatic ecosystems
42
Bivalve mechanism of Filter Feeding
Gills/Ctenidia: - Used to trap food particles - Mucus/slime covers the gills - Many cilia are present on the surface of the gills - The cilia sweep food bits and mucus (stuck together) down to the edge of the gills - Cilia and labial palps direct mucus/food "string" into the mouth
43
Bivalves are poisonous _______________-
Only when they eat certain algae NOT always poisonous
44
Rotation Crystalline Style
Rotates within animal to draw in mucus/food cord Takes food to stomach Style rubs againts GASTRIC SHIELD in rotation -> adds additional digestive enzymes to the stomach Digestive glands also aid in food digestion "Crystalline" due to clear color
45
Typhlosole
Fold in intestine
46
Endangered Bivlaves
One of most endangered animals in North America -More endangered than any vertebrate Don't occur in Europe Direct part of ecosystem
47
Class Gastropoda
Largest molluscan class Diverse lifestyles: - Carnivores - Herbivores - Scavengers Diverse habitats Univalve Coiled shell Radula Most closely related class to bivalves Trocophore and veliger larval stages
48
Freshwater Mussel Life Cycle
1) Females lay eggs and brood them in specialized chambers in gills 2) Males release sperm in water 3) Females draw in sperm to fertilize eggs 4) Larvae (GLOCHIDIA) hatch and begin development in female 5) Female uses portion of mantle as a lure (generally mimics a fish) to draw in fish to act as host for young 6) Fish is sucked in to female, she releases glochidia into the fish (glochidia attach to fish's gills), lets fish go 7) Glochidia feed on food that passes through the fish's gills = PARASITES; larvae drop off eventually to attach to substrate and grow into adult mussels
49
Shell Features
3 different layers in ABALONE shell: 1) Nacreous Layer: - -Innermost layer - -"Pearly," luminescent layer - -Closest to the mantle 2) Prismatic Layer: - -Middle layer 3) Periostracum: - -Top/exterior layer ALL of these layers are made of calcium carbonates (CaCO3) or calcium salts, or proteins NACREOUS layer is able to produce pearls --NO other animal is able to make item of beauty like this
50
Mantle of Beauty
Any mollusk with a shell is able to produce pearls ``` Secrete nacre (mother of pearl; comes from nacreous layer) when mollusk is disturbed --Pearl encapsulates foreign object ``` Pearls are a DEFENSE MECHANISM of mollusks Pearl of value found in less than 1/10,000 pearl oysters
51
Gastropod Shell
Coiled shell: - -Small apex/tip: OLDEST part of the animal - ---Same idea as UMBO in mollusks - -Coils/whorls get LARGER the further down you go - -Body Whorl: - --Largest whorl - --Contains most of the animal - -Inside Columella: - --Supports entire length of the shell - --Columnar muscle wraps around the columella - -Shell Aperture: - --External opening - --"Achilles' heel" of animal - --OPERCULUM: - ---Thick plate that seals shell aperture to prevent desiccation - ---Forms on POSTERIOR portion of foot of snail
52
Gastropod Foot
Most of the visceral mass held in main body whorl ONE foot: Able to twist, move forward, and flip self over using one foot
53
Larval stages
Trocophore: - Band of cilia around "equator" - Digestive tract: - -Mouth - -Anus - Looks like a diamond - Very SHORT-LIVED - Planktonic (swims in ocean) Veliger: - Shell: - -ALL begin with a shell (even sea slugs, nudibranchs) - --Some LOSE shell at adulthood - ---Lose shell to be faster; produce toxins instead for chemical defense (no need for physical defense) - Foot - Velum - -Cilia on fringe edges - -Used for FEEDING and LOCOMOTION - -ONLY present in veliger stage
54
Torsion/Twisted Development
Occurs in VELIGER larval stage Occurs ONLY in GASTROPODS Torsion: - Occurs in VELIGER stage - Prior to torsion: - -Digestive system in C-shape and linear - After torsion: - -180deg twist of digestive system to bring mantle cavity ABOVE velum; digestive system U-shaped Body organs involved in 180 twist: - Ctenidia - Mantle cavity - Gut - More Entirely INTERNAL, nothing external is twisted Can occur quickly (sometimes less than an hour) Twisted/torted body position remains throughout life - EXCEPTION: gastropods that lose shell (nudibranchs, sea slugs) - -Body untwists after shell is lost Reason for torsion is UNCLEAR -Theory: Provides room for head retraction
55
Class Cephalopoda
Common names for 3 groups: 1) Ammonites - -EXTINCT lineage - -Were abundant in PALEOZOIC oceans 2) Coleoids - -EXTANT - -Very general group that includes: - --Chambered nautilus - --Octopods - --Squip - --Cuttlefish 3) Nautiloids - -EXTANT - -Contains those with shells
56
Cephalopod Characteristics/Adaptations
Squid: - Foot split into arms and tentacles - NO exterior shell - -Shell INSIDE body - -Remnant of shell, blade-like inside body called PEN = GLADIUS - -Found in cone-like part of squid - Mantle: - -Surface tissue of cone-like portion - -Muscular layer - Jet propulsion - -Use jet of water to move through water - -Water enters mantle cavity (cone-like bit) - -Collar clamps down to seal up cavity - -Mantle layer highly MUSCULARIZED + special elastic fibers - -Muscles of mantle push out water through FUNNEL - -Movement of animal opposite direction of water - Hydrostatic Skeleton: - -Water is shot out rather than kept inside Very developed CNS - CLOSED Circulatory System: - -Needed due to increased activity - -3 hearts for faster nutrient transport - -Branchial hearts located right by gills - Camouflage: - -Used for defense to hide or for communication - -Achieved via CHROMATOPHORES
57
Chromatophores
Membranous bags with pigments in the center Can be bumpy or stretched to show pigmented pouch (this is how they change color) Gen. 1 color per chromatophore Timed to make it appear that squid has multiple colors and intricate patterns
58
Shell evolution in cephalopods
Shell INSIDE and BLADE-LIKE in squids
59
Lophophore
In Lophotrochozoans Specialized FEEDING and RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE composed of hollow, ciliated tentacles, attached to circular-shaped ridge/fold, that encircles mouth Used for filter/suspension feeding
60
Phylum Brachiopoda
"Lamp shells" Look similar to Bivalvia; these are DIFFERENT groups Possess stalk/pedicle to attach to substrate UNCOMMON Convergent evolution of SHELL and FILTER FEEDING in bivalves and brachiopoda -Filter feeding: Lophophore in brachiopoda, ctenidia in bivalvia Bivalves vs. Brachiopoda: - Different orientation (ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior) - -Brachiopods have DORSAL and VENTRAL valves - -Bivalves have LEFT and RIGHT valves - Brachiopoda more ANCIENT than bivalves - -Paleozoic Era: ~500-250mya, encompass several periods Brachiopoda did NOT recover well from Permian extinction, but bivalves DID... Why? - Bivalves more versatile - Brachiopoda MUST had hard substrate to attach to
61
Phylum Cycliophora
Entire PHYLUM discovered in 1990s Only found on LOBSTERS' lips -Relationship ONLY with lobsters (that we know of) Associated with hairs/setae on lobster mouthparts Acoelomate Filter feeders Obligate COMMENSALS of lobsters -Lobsters provide "microhabitats" to cycliophora Complex life cycles: -Multiple ASEXUAL and SEXUAL forms At least 3 species described
62
Phylum Brachiopoda Characteristics
Coelomate SUPERFICIALLY resemble bivalves Marine (attach to hard substrates); found in places with LOW wave action (NOT intertidal) Shells range from 5-80mm Solitary Benthic Suspension/filter feeders ~400 extant species (compare to ~8000+ marine bivalves) --However, there are 12,000+ fossil species (mostly Paleozoic) Larger fossils are 30cm in length
63
Paleozoic Era
500-250mya
64
Mesozoic Era
252-66mya "Dinosaur Era"
65
Cenozoic Era
66mya-present Current era

Invertebrate Zoology (3 decks)

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