Exam 1 Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
evolved in North America 40 million years ago; looked like a cross between a weasel and a fox; extinct 15 million years ago
A
Hesperocyon
2
Q
about 34 million years ago; larger hyena-like animals with large jaws and strong teeth; extinct 2.5 million years ago
A
Boraphagines
3
Q
includes all living species of canines
A
Canines
4
Q
What was the first animal domesticated?
A
dog
5
Q
genus of dog
A
Canis
6
Q
species of dog
A
lupus
7
Q
subspecies of dog
A
C. l. familiaris
8
Q
Where were dogs first domesticated?
A
East Asia, perhaps China
9
Q
the point at which the care, feeding, and breeding of a species come under the control of people
A
domestication
10
Q
occurs when humans become the primary selection agents in the evolution of a specie
A
domestication
11
Q
dogs have lived with humans for at least ____ years
A
15,000
12
Q
cats were domesticated _____ years ago
A
~9,000
13
Q
benefits for humans when dogs lived around them
A
- security around their encampment
- detection of visitors and act as a warning system
14
Q
humans adopted _____ as a way to feed rapidly growing populations (food and clothing)
A
animal husbandry
15
Q
explains how species have adapted to their environment
A
variation and natural selection
16
Q
What were the behavioral modifications from domestication?
A
- changes in response threshold to certain stimuli
- increased docility and adaptability
- perpetuation of infantile behavior patterns
- trend to promiscuity rather than pair-bond matings
17
Q
how many species of the cat family?
A
38
18
Q
largest species of cat
A
Siberian tiger
19
Q
smallest species of cat
A
black-footed cat
20
Q
genus of cats
A
Felis
21
Q
species of cats
A
F. silvestris
22
Q
subspecies of cats
A
F. s. catus
23
Q
the process by which two species evolve in concert
A
coevolution
24
Q
the major subdivision of a genus and composed of individuals that can successfully breed with one another
A
species
25
animals having a common origin with characteristics that distinguish them from other groups within the same species
breed
26
how many breeds of dogs in the world?
estimated between 700-800
27
how many dog breeds does AKC recognize?
175
28
hunting and other field activities
sporting
29
scenting powers, stamina to run; diverse size
hound
30
guarding property, pulling sled, water rescues
working
31
feisty and energetic; low tolerance for other animals
terrier
32
diminutive size; popular with city dwellers
toy
33
diverse group
non-sporting
34
control movement of other animals
herding
35
enrolled in AKC Foundation Stock Service until breed accepted for regular status
miscellaneous
36
how many days do kittens open their eyes?
7-10 days
37
cats can see __ better than humans at night
6x
38
what is the dental formula for cats?
3131 / 3121
39
teeth used for cutting
incisors
40
long, sharp; used to seize and kill prey
canine
41
3rd upper premolar and 1st lower molar
| - used to shear through food
carnassial
42
which set of vocal chords produces a meow?
lower
43
which set of vocal chords produces a purr and growl?
upper
44
what is the average life expectancy for a cat?
10-14 years
45
which species is ranked 3rd among pets in U.S. households?
birds
46
climbing birds like parakeets and cockatiels would need a cage with _____ bars
horizontal
47
t/f: guinea pigs can suffer from scurvy
true
48
aside from certain plants, list one common toxicological hazard to birds
zinc
49
metabolic bone disease in lizards and turtles is the result of being fed a diet low in calcium or this housing issue
inappropriate UV lighting
50
what are some examples of ectotherms?
lizards, snakes, turtles
51
ranchers have a unique breeding system with this animal involving tunnel systems where the female is fitted with a collar while the male is not. their valuable fur also makes them a target of trappers
chinchilla
52
what is coprophagy?
when an animal eats their own feces
53
what are some behavioral modifications as a result of domestication?
- increased docility
- perpetuation of infantile behaviors
- low reactivity to man
54
what does the acronym CFA mean?
Cat Fanciers' Association
55
how many breeds of dogs are recognized by the AKC?
175
56
how many total teeth does a cat have on its upper jaw?
16
57
define the term coevolution
when two species evolve at the same time
58
what is the tabby hair pattern?
ticked or agouti hairs + solid
59
what are whiskers actually called?
vibrissae
60
what are some purposes of vibrissae on cats?
- serve as an antennae to feel environment
- valuable in navigation
- used in communication
61
diluted black
blue
62
orange, ginger
red
63
chocolate
brown
64
lavender, a light gray-brown with pink overtones
lilac
65
light brown with red overtones
cinnamon
66
dilute cinnamon
fawn
67
white + one other color
bicolor
68
tricolor; white, black, and red, or the diluted versions
calico
69
bands of color on hair
agouti
70
mixture of red and black or diluted versions (usually females)
tortoiseshell
71
face, paws, and tail are darker in color
| - temperature dependent enzyme involved in pigment synthesis
colorpoint
72
sole registration body of Britain, recognizes ~100 breeds
Government Council of the Cat Fancy
73
- founded in the U.S.
- world's largest registry of pedigreed cats
- recognizes 42 breeds (40 in championship class + 2 misc.)
Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA)
74
<3% of all owned cats worldwide are ____
pedigreed
75
partial to complete tail-lessness
Manx trait
76
no tail whatsoever (required for showing)
rumpy
77
stub of cartilage; noticeable when tail is up
riser or rumpy riser
78
partial tail; more than a "riser", less than a "tailed"
stumpy
79
complete or near complete tail
tailed or longy
80
most common order of birds
Psittaciformes
81
order of birds
Passeriforms
82
unfeathered areas on birds
apteria
83
hollow central stalk below skin
calamus or quill
84
what are bird feathers made of?
keratin
85
what is the part above the skin on birds called?
rachis
86
developing feathers are called _____
blood feathers
87
____ and _____ grow out of rachis and interlock for waterproofing
barbs and barbules
88
cover body and give it shape and color
| - include flight feathers and tail feathers
contour feathers
89
smaller, lack the barbules, insulate
down feathers
90
scatters throughout and grown continually
| - barbs from these break down, provide powder to keep the feathers clean
powder feathers
91
located at base of the tail
| - secrete oily fluid that spreads over feathers when preening
uropygial glands
92
rhinotheca
upper jaw
93
gnathotheca
lower jaw
94
birds have _____ bones to enable flight
lightweight
95
bones in legs and wings are hollow and they provide tiny air sacs. this is referred to as ______ and assist with respiration
pneumatic
96
what makes the respiration system in birds unique?
- lungs are paired, not lobulated like in mammals
- do not have a diaphram
- 8 air sacs which facilitate air movement through respiratory tract
97
terminal end of digestive, repro, and urinary tract
cloaca
98
- muscular stomach that grinds food
| - some ingest grit to assist in grinding
gizzard
99
secretes chemicals that aid in digestion
proventriculus
100
normal body temp of birds
106 F
101
aorta reaches to the right in birds (left in humans)
four-chambered heart
102
what is the leading cause of disease among birds?
deficiencies
103
canaries and other nonclimbers
vertical bars
104
birds toes should not wrap around completely
perches
105
cockatiels, lovebirds, parakeets, and other climbers
horizontal bars
106
- affect any body system like digestive, repro, circulatory
- common among birds with outdoor access
- develop diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss
Ascarids - Roundworms
107
- grows readily in warm, moist environment
| - diffilculty breathing, loss of appetite, frequent drinking or urination, cyanosis, or sudden death
Aspergillosis - respiratory disease caused by fungus
108
blue colored gums
cyanosis
109
caused by liver diseases, vitamin D3 deficiency, soft food, malnutrition, or trauma
beak disorders
110
transmissable to humans
zoonotic
111
- zoonotic
- caused by bacteria Chlamydia psittaci
- conjunctivitis, breathing difficulty, sinusitis, tremors, death
Chlamydiosis - AKA psittacosis or parrot fever
112
obstruction of uterus or oviduct by an egg
| - often result of a diet deficient in calcium
egg binding
113
blood level of uric acid (protein breakdown) exceeds ability of kidneys to remove
- symptoms: enlarged, stiff and painful joints, unable to fly
Gout - common among humans, birds, and reptiles
114
- severe cases causes deformed beak; interferes with eating
| - some result in scratching and feather picking
Mites - causes scaly legs and face by burrowing in skin
115
- highly contagious virus with no treatment
| - sneeze, cough, nasal discharge, gasp for breath, or die
Newcastle disease - AKA avian distemper
116
what are common toxicological hazards for birds?
- zinc, lead
- nicotine products
- inhalants
- avocado
- some plants
117
secrete slimy coating that protects skin
mucous glands
118
specialized; secrete variety of substances from antimicrobial and analgesics to pheromones and toxins
granular glands
119
glands behind eyes secrete toxins to prevent ingestion
toads
120
____ is toxic to frogs
chlorine
121
animals that rely on heat from environment
ectotherms
122
act of shedding skin
Ecdysis
123
what is an inappropriate substrate for lizards?
softwood shavings (pine/cedar)
124
difference in physical characteristics such as size and color
sexually dimorphic
125
females produce genetically identical offspring
parthenogenic
126
what are the 3 basic groups of venomous snakes?
- vipers
- elapids
- colubrids
127
what are some examples of vipers?
rattlesnakes, copperheads, gaboon vipers
128
what are some examples of elapids?
cobras, coral snakes, mambas
129
what are some examples of colubrids?
boomslangs, brown tree snakes, mangrove snakes
130
all groups can deliver fatal bites
venom
131
tremendous tissue damage
viper
132
attacks the central nervous system
elapids
133
are turtles reptiles or amphibians?
reptiles
134
why do turtles require UV light?
for vitamin D metabolism
135
rodent native of Andes Mountains in South America
chinchillas
136
active in twilight
crepuscular
137
why are chinchillas used in biomedical research of the human ear?
anatomical ear structure and hearing range are very similar
138
how many digits do chinchillas have on each foot?
4
139
first brought to U.S. in 1954 for medical research
| - used an animals models for brucellosis, tuberculosis, stroke, leprosy, rabies, etc
gerbils
