exam 3 Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
biggest nutritional problem in dogs in the U.S.
A
obesity
2
Q
first milk, or the milk produced in the first few hours of the puppy’s life
A
colostrum
3
Q
provides immunity against disease and infections that mother has been exposed to
A
immunoglobulins (Ig)
4
Q
Ig are consumed by puppy and absorbed as intact proteins through spaces in _____
A
intestinal lining
5
Q
puppies can only take advantage of the Ig immunity for ___
A
24-48 hours
6
Q
after the first 24-36 hours of ____, mammary gland starts to make “normal” milk
A
lactation
7
Q
depending on size of dam and number of pups, ______ of dam can be 2-3x that needed during pregnancy
A
nutrient requirements
8
Q
milk fat supplies majority of _____ for puppies
A
energy
9
Q
source of essential fatty acids, cholesterol, and lipids
A
milk fat
10
Q
bitch milk is nearly __% water
A
80
11
Q
excluding water, milk is…
A
34% protein
35% fat
31% lactose
12
Q
growth rates should be ____ g/day per lb of expected adult weight
A
1-2
13
Q
at 3-4 weeks, puppies must transition to ~80% water to _____% water in dry foods
A
10-12
14
Q
adaptations must take place in ____ and ____ systems of young to switch from milk to dry, solid food
A
digestive and hormonal
15
Q
breaks down lactose to glucose + galactose
A
lactase
16
Q
breaks up casein
A
proteases
17
Q
breaks down fat
A
lipase
18
Q
weaning in the wild in it’s final stages is a _____ process, initiated by the ____
A
rapid
mother
19
Q
inflammation and damage
A
gastroenteritis
20
Q
the ____ the feeding transition in weaning the better
A
slower
21
Q
intro or removal or major foods sources during weaning can cause:
A
- diarrhea
- gas
- constipation
- gastroenteritis
22
Q
break down peptide bonds between specific amino acids
A
other proteases
23
Q
for plant starch
A
amylase
24
Q
for amylopectin
A
amylopectinase
25
to break down maltose to two glucose units
maltase
26
secrete protective ____ to coat intestinal lining
mucopolysaccharides (mucus)
27
mechanical; chewing (mastication) breaks down large pieces of food to swallow
mouth
28
salivary gland located under the tongue
sublingual
29
salivary gland on each side of lower jaw
mandibulary (or submaxillary)
30
salivary glands located in front of each ear
parotid glands
31
salivary glands located in upper jaw below the eyes
zygomatic glands
32
lubricate mouth and esophagus for swallowing
production of mucus
33
- first major digestive organ; secretes acids and proteases
| - stores food and controls rate of passage into intestine
stomach
34
inactive precursor of pepsin
pepsinogen
35
cleaves peptides from pepsinogen to form pepsin
HCl
36
cleaves food into polypeptides
pepsin
37
protects against autodigestion by pepsin and HCl
mucus
38
required to bind and absorb vitamin B12
intrinsic factor (IF)
39
thick, semifluid mass of food leaving stomach
chyme
40
majority of digestion occurs here
| - absorb glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals
small intestine
41
buffers acidic pH from stomach
bicarbonate
42
added for digesting carbohydrates
amylase
43
trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, elastase
proteases
44
added for digesting fats
lipase
45
sucrase, maltase, lactase
brush border enzymes
46
process by which digested nutrients are transferred from the lumen of the GI tract to the blood or lymph
absorption
47
finger-like projections which absorb digested food nutrients
- lipophilic membrane
villi
48
- energy is used to move substances across the membrane
| - for monosaccharides and amino acids
absorption requires active transport
49
breaks fats into free fatty acids, monoglycerides and diglycerides
pancreatic lipase and colipase
50
- emulsify fats and forms micelles
| - small aggregates of lipids emulsified with bile salts
bile salts from liver
51
fatty acids and monoglycerides diffuse directly from _____ into the lipid- rich layer of intestinal chylomicrons
micelles
52
fatty acids transported to ER to be resynthesized into TG and then incorporated into ____
chylomicrons
53
absorbed with dietary lipids
fat-soluble vitamins
54
absorbed by simple diffusion
water soluble vitamins
55
first role: absorption of water and salts
large intestine
56
relatively short large intestine in ___ and ___
dogs and cats
57
transit time of undigested food (varies with fiber)
~12 hours
58
undigested feed such as fiber passes to the large intestine to be ______ and absorbed as VFA
fermented
59
formulated to provide proper mix of nutrients
puppy chow
60
why is making your own puppy chow a bad idea?
- too expensive
- time consuming
- often not nutritionally balanced
61
why is there no need to supplement vitamins and minerals during nursing or weaning?
milk and food provide all that is necessary
62
how many feedings a day is adequate for puppies?
four
63
examples of puppy formula substitute
Esbilac
| Borden
64
methods of feeding orphaned puppies
nipple bottles
droppers
spoons
tube feeding
65
How many weeks should you keep an orphaned puppy in a warm environment?
2
66
what is the single biggest goal with growing dogs?
encourage proper eating behavior (avoids problems with digestive upset and obesity)
67
T/F: you do NOT have to have a regular exercise program for your dog
false
68
feeding management goals begins with...
establishing good eating habits
69
after the intestinal lining matures and closes, _____ start to break down lactose, fat, and protein
enzymes
70
after the enzymes began to be secreted, and protein is broken down, the Ig remaining in the intestinal tract will be broken down into
amino acids and absorbed. no longer will provide immune protection
71
at what age are puppies to big for mother's milk?
3-4 weeks
72
after weaning, puppies begin making and secreting enzymes from the mouth, stomach, intestines, and ____
pancreas
73
how do we wean?
present moistened puppy show
74
breaking down of large pieces of food by the mouth
mastication
75
examples of performance dogs
police dogs
racing dogs
hunting and field exercising dogs
76
what is the goal of feeding management?
to maintain body weight and composition
77
what percent of fetal weight gain happens during last 3-4 weeks of gestation?
70%
78
parturition in dogs
whelping
79
average lifespan of domestic dog
12 years
80
dogs are considered senior at what age?
seven
81
period in which young develop inside the body of the mother, carrying or being carried in the womb
gestation
82
the only major companion species that are true nutritional carnivores
cat
83
two problems in meats for cats
- too much protein
| - not enough calcium
84
cats have a high degree of _____
gluconeogenesis
85
cats require more protein amino acids in diets to maintain normal rates of metabolism than nearly all companion animals
gluconeogenesis
86
acetate is used in many different reactions (cats)
- some to generate energy
| - some to make amino acids, fats, cholesterol, some vitamin
87
the brain of the cat still requires _____
glucose
88
removal of amino group (in cats)
demination
89
transfer of amino group
| - occurs in liver to convert amino acids to glucose
transamination
90
protein requirements of cats can be __x that of dogs
2x
91
cats cannot make enough of _____
taurine
92
what is taurine used for?
digestion of fats
93
what is taurine a critical element for?
opsin
94
what is opsin?
a protein for eye function
95
what can happen from a deficiency of taurine?
reduced or damaged eyesight
96
why do cats need more niacin?
it is important in generation of ATP for energy
| - cats cannot convert enough tryptophan to niacin
97
why do cats require larger amounts of Pyridoxine (B6)?
it is primarily involved in amino acid metabolism
| - involved in transamination and deamination
98
_____ content of urine is an issue for cats
mineral
99
problems with infections, inflammations, and Crystallization problems of urinary tract
feline lower urinary tract disease
100
what leads to crystals in urine in cats?
interaction of urinary pH, ammonia, Magnesium, and Phosphorus
101
what accounts for majority of urinary blockages in cats?
struvite crystals
102
at what age do you introduce kittens to solid food?
3-4 weeks
103
Queen will start to wean at what ages?
6-10 weeks
104
what are the 4 excessive hunger symptoms?
vocalization
irritability
searching
begging for table scraps
105
gestation period of a queen
63-65 days
106
T/F: total amount of nutrients start to increase earlier in gestation for cats than dogs
true
107
why do you use minimal Na, K, and P when an animal is aging?
- reduces urea formation
| - lower metabolic load on kidneys
108
sometimes, when aging use diets higher in ____
fiber (5-7%)
109
why do you not feed sugar to cats?
they can go hyperactive
110
what should you make sure and monitor in cats?
pH levels
111
which of the following would tend to grow the slowest during its first 12 months?
- German Shepherd
- great dane
- bulldog
- Pekingese
Pekingese
112
senior animals benefit from what kind of diet?
restricted protein, lower in salts
113
how often should an adult dog be fed?
totally dependent on the individual animal
114
what vitamin do cats need a large amount?
pyridoxine (B6)
115
what are the 3 causes of obesity?
diet
genetics
hormonal imbalance
116
how will obesity affect your animal? (7)
1. skeletal disorders
2. arthritis, hip dysplasia
3. diabetes, heart disease
4. cancer, lung capacity
5. wound healing
6. surgical risk
7. decreased life span
117
how do you fight obesity? (5)
1. reduce / eliminate table scraps
2. reduce feed intake
3. low calorie (high fiber) diet
4. exercise
5. use body condition chart (1-5 scale)
118
what is Canine Hip Dysplasia?
developmental abnormality of coxofemoral joint (hip)
119
what should you do with puppies of breeds prone to CHD?
keep them on restricted diets while growing
| - controlling BW lessens severity and may even prevent it
120
__% of CHD is in dogs
90%
| 2 years
121
what percent of orthopedic cases is CHD?
1/3
122
taken when dog is 2 years old to screen breeding stock
radiographs
123
what is the OFA?
Orthopedic Foundation for Animals
124
3 symptoms of CHD
1. development varies
2. sudden onset of severe lameness in young
3. gradual onset in older dogs
125
diagnosis and treatment of CHD (4)
1. finding pain on manipulation of hips
2. hip radiographs
3. mild cases: can be managed with exercise restriction and weight reduction
4. severe cases: need surgical intervention
126
false joint between remaining portion of femur
Ostectomy
127
rapidly growing puppies.
- especially with high Ca and diets high in plant phytates
- Ca competes with Zinc for absorption from intestines
- high levels of phytates bind Zinc and interfere with absorption
Type 1 Zinc Deficiency in Dogs
128
Zinc-responsive dermatosis,
- Artic dog breeds most affected (Malamutes and Huskies)
- sometimes young Dobermans and Great Danes are affected
- abnormalities in Zinc absorption
type 2 Zinc deficiency in dogs
129
what are the roles of Zinc?
1. immune function
| 2. maturation of cells of epidermis
130
signs of zinc deficiency and diagnosis
1. crusting and fissuring of skin
- mouth, nose, feet
2. secondary bacterial skin infections
- diagnosis: biopsy of skin
131
straining to urinate
Dysuria
132
blood in urine
Hematuria
133
frequent urination
Pollakiuria
134
how many cats does FLUTD affect?
10% of cats taken to the vet
135
what does ad libitum mean?
as much or as often as necessary or desired
136
you want to avoid acidic urine because:
- leads to excess bone mobilization
| - calcium oxalate crystals
137
acid draws __ out of bones
Calcium
138
chemical formula for Ca oxalate:
CaC2O4
139
cats have a unique requirement for this "amino acid" ,
taurine
140
taurine deficiency in cats occurs when:
- fed low quality dog foods
| - table food diets
141
taurine deficiency in cats can cause:
- retinal degeneration and blindness
- dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure
- reproductive failure
142
major organs of repro tract in bitches
ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, vulva, and mammary glands
143
actual act of heat (noun)
estrus
144
channel between uterus and vagina
cervix
145
how many mammary glands are typically found on a bitch?
4-6. located parallel along ventral abdomen
146
estrogen stimulates development _____ system
duct
147
first estrous cycle in dogs are a few months after achieve adult ____ and ____
height and body weight
148
ideal age to breed is between __-__ years of age
2-6 years of age
149
Canine Estrous Cycle has several stages: (5)
- Anestrus
- Proestrus
- Estrus
- Diestrus
- Metestrus
150
How many estrous cycles do dogs have per year? and what is this called?
2 / diestrous
151
fertility and parturition problems increase after ___ years of age
8 years
152
time of reproductive rest (quiescence)
Anestrus
153
ovarian follicular activity that precedes estrus
Proestrus
154
period of sexual receptivity
Estrus
155
male canine sperm takes __-__ days to mature as they travel
10-14 days
156
small bone to assist with erection; found in dogs, cats, and primates
os-penis
157
enlargement toward the base of penis - swelling
bulbus glandis
158
What are sertoli cells?
important in producing sperm
159
Leutinizing hormone binds to Leydig cells which
stimulates production of testosterone
160
methods of timing when to breed:
1. days from start of proestrus
2. behavior
3. vaginal discharge
4. LH and progesterone testing
161
insemination procedures:
1. digital placement of catheter
2. trans-cervical insemination
3. surgical deposition
162
fertilization occurs in the _____
oviducts (Fallopian tubes of the egg)
163
gestation length
63 days
164
drop in rectal temp of a bitch is an excellent indicator of:
whelping
165
nesting behavior a day or two before
- lasts 2-36 hours (average of 6)
- vulva enlarges and softens
prelabor
166
usually breaks when puppy enters birth canal
| - bitch will lick off amnionic sac and eat it
chorioallantoic (water bag)
167
placenta delivered ___ minutes after puppy
15
168
first bowel movement of a newborn puppy is called:
meconium; passed within one hour
- bitch will lick puppies to stimulate
- if not, use cotton ball to stimulate
169
common repro problems in dogs:
1. failure to observe
2. abnormal estrous cycle
3. failure to conceive
4. dystocia
5. pyometra
6. Eclampsia
7. Cryptochidism
8. Prostatic diseases
170
life threatening seizures or death
Eclampsia
171
domestic cats reach sexual maturity at what age?
6-9 months
172
optimum breeding time for cats is:
1.5-7 years of age
173
cats are seasonally poly-estrous - induced ovulators:
one cycle in January or February.
| cycle ceases in September or October
174
queens almost always ___ pairs of mammary glands
4
175
duration of estrus in cats is:
2-19 days
| - vocalizes in males
176
- rising concentrations of blood estrogen
| - lasts 1-2 days in cats
Proestrus in cats
177
- period between estrous cycles in queens not ovulated
- averages 8-10 days
- NO sexual behavior
postestrus in cats
178
- occurs in queens that have been induced to ovulate
| - postovulatory follicles luteinize and secrete progesterone
diestrus in cats
179
copulation followed by release of Gonadotropic Releasing Hormones
induction of ovulation
180
tom cat reaches sexual maturity at:
9 months of age
| - penis has spines
181
tom cats can have 15-20 ___ in a colony
queens
182
average kitten weighs ___ at the birth
100
183
an organism that in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense
- CAN kill host, but overall goal is not to do so
parasite
184
T/F: some parasites are immune to parasite killers
true
185
some parasites are only in the U.S., but most are ______
worldwide
186
parasites are a huge source of ____ in vet field
income
187
general diagnostics for parasites:
- fecal exam
- blood exam
- Specimen ID
188
worms found in intestines
roundworms (toxocara spp)
189
symptoms of hookworms
dark stool (GI bleed)
190
- much smaller
- suck blood
- more harmful than roundworms
- these worms migrate and can end up in the lungs, liver, before ending back up in the small intestines
hookworms (ancylostoma spp)
191
T/F: both hooks and rounds can be passed from mom down to puppies automatically
true
192
what is an antigen?
a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies
193
what is the treatment for heart worms?
arsenic
194
where do whipworms live?
cecum, or large intestine
195
tapeworms are found in the ____
small intestines
196
do tapeworms have mobility?
yes
197
an adult tapeworm consists of a head, neck, and chain of segments called
proglottids
198
a microorganism that infects the digestive system
- in water
- diarrhea
- small and clear
Giardia
199
live in right heart and pulmonary vessels
- look at blood
- snap test
heartworms (Dirofilaria immitis)
200
baby heartworm
- modified knots
- wet mount
Microfilaria
201
insect feces (flea)
frass
202
how long can ticks live?
10 days - 2 weeks
203
which tick can survive indoors?
brown dog tick
204
ticks carry what diseases?
Lyme disease, Rocky mountain spotted fever, meat allergy
205
tiny, often parasitic arachnids living on animals or plants
mites
206
follicle mite
demodex spp
207
scabies - skin mite
sarcoptes scabiei
208
ear mite
otodectes cynotis
209
a group of parasitic worms living in the cecum and large colon of the horse
- like hookworms in dogs
small strongyles
210
what causes Colic in equine?
tapeworms
211
signs include itchy tail and butt rubbing - horses
pinworms
212
foals get what kind of worm?
roundworms
- small intestines
- resistant to certain drugs
213
Obtobius Megnini
- ear canal
- can occur in dogs and cats but mostly in horses
equine ear tick
