exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
identify figure 24.1
A
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, ovaries, pancreas, testes
2
Q
larynx
A
fig 24.5, 24.6
3
Q
thyroid gland
A
fig 24.5, 24.6
4
Q
trachea
A
fig 24.5, 24.6
5
Q
esophagus
A
fig 24.5, 24.6
6
Q
parathyroid glands
A
fig 24.5, 24.6
7
Q
table 24.1
A
.
8
Q
hypothalamus
A
.
9
Q
anterior pituitary gland
A
``.
10
Q
parathyroid glands
A
.
11
Q
adrenal glands
A
.
12
Q
thyroid gland
A
.
13
Q
posterior pituitary gland
A
.
14
Q
pancreas
A
.
15
Q
ovary
A
.
16
Q
testes
A
.
17
Q
what is the general name for organs that produce hormones?
A
endocrine glands
18
Q
what name is given to regions that are receptive to hormones?
A
target areas
19
Q
melatonin is secreted by what gland?
A
pineal gland
20
Q
in what specific part of what gland is ADH stored?
A
posterior pituitary
21
Q
what is the effect of TSH and where is it stored?
A
stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones, anterior pituitary
22
Q
what does glucagon do as a hormone and where is it produced?
A
breaks down glycogen to glucose increasing blood glucose levels, found in pancreatic islets.
23
Q
which hormones in the adrenal gland control water and electrolyte balance?
A
corticosteroid hormones
24
Q
what is the primary gland that secretes epinephrine?
A
adrenal medulla
25
where is growth hormone produced?
anterior pituitary
26
what is another name for t3?
triiodothyronine
27
what is another name for t4?
thyroxine
28
what connects the two lobes of they thyroid gland?
isthmus medial
29
does parathormone increase or decrease calcium levels in blood?
increase
30
interstitial cells of the testes produce what hormone?
testosterone
31
red blood cell
no nucleus, numerous
32
neutrophil (granulocyte)
three-to-five lobed nucleas
33
basophil (granulocyte)
indistinct nucleus, dark purple granules
34
eosinophil (granulocyte)
two-lobed nucleus, orange cytoplasmic granules
35
lymphocyte (agranulocyte)
blue cytoplasm frequently forming a halo around nucleus
36
monocyte (agranulocyte)
large cell with kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nucleus
37
platelet (agranulocyte)
small purple fragments
38
technique for scanning a blood smear
down, right, up, continue
39
differential white blood cell count
once you identify the various types of white blood cells on slide, tally up number, divide to see percentages in blood. can indicate a disease
40
formed elements
erythrocytes (RBC), leukocytes (WBC), thrombocytes (platelets)
41
what is the most common plasma protein?
albumin
42
most common blood cell
erythrocytes
43
what white blood cell is most numerous on a blood smear?
neutrophil
44
how many red blood cells are normally found per cubic mm of blood?
5 million
45
what is an average number of white blood cells found per cubic mm of blood?
7,000
46
B cells and T cells belong to what class of agranular leukocytes?
lymphocytes
47
function of platelets
clotting
48
formed elements constitute what percentage of total blood volume?
45%
49
in terms of volume, does blood usually contain more plasma or formed elements?
plasma
50
table 25.1
formed elements in blood
51
blood type A
agglutinogens (antigens): A
| agglutinins (antibodies): Anti-B
52
blood type B
agglutinogens (antigens): B
| agglutinins (antibodies): anti-A
53
Blood type AB
agglutinogens (antigens): a and b
| agglutinins (antibodies): none
54
Blood Type O
agglutinogens (antigens): none
| agglutinins (antibodies): anti-a, anti-b
55
universal donor
O-, no antigens (agglutinogens
56
universal recipient
AB+, no antibodies (agglutinins)
57
blood typing procedure
obtain blood sample, put 2 drops of serum on (A,B,Rh), if clumps that is what you have.
58
hemolytic disease of the newborn
occurs if Rh- mother has Rh+ baby. mother might develop antibodies against antigen in fetal blood after first baby. Rho-GAM must be injected during all next pregnancies to make sure antibodies don't cross placenta.
59
hematocrit (PCV) packed cell volume
percentage of red blood cells or total cell volume can be calculated after centrifuging a sample of blood. fill tube three quarters of tube length, seal off bottom with clay, red blood cells divided by total times 100.
60
what is the name of a surface membrane molecule on a blood cell that causes an immune reaction?
antigen
61
what is the average range of hemocrit for a normal female?
38-47%
62
what is the average range of hemocrit for a normal male?
40-54%
63
a person with blood type b- is injected with type a+ blood. from an immunological standpoint, what will happen after the injection?
it will agglutinate and cause clotting. clot b antigens with anti-b agglutinins.
64
anemia
when blood is lost faster than it is replaced or when the production of RBC is low. decrease in hemoglobin
65
what would happen if you used the same toothpick during a blood test?
you could transfer agglutination from one type to another.
66
pericardium
27
67
right atrium
27
68
right ventricle
27
69
left ventricle
27
70
left atrium
27
71
interventricular sulcus
27
72
4 valves
27
73
chordae tendinae
27
74
papillary muscles
27
75
interventricular septum
27
76
superior vena cava
27
77
inferior vena cava
27
78
auricles
27
79
coronary sulcus
27
80
aorta vessels (veins and arteries)
27
81
pulmonary vessels (veins and arteries)
27
82
fossa ovalis
purpose as the foramen ovale: in a fetus allows oxygenated blood coming from umbilical vein
83
identify base of heart
top
84
identify apex of heart
bottom
85
blood flow of heart
superior and inferior vena cava- right atrium- tricuspid valve- right ventricle- pulmonary semilunar valves- pulmonary trunk- pulmonary arteries-lung tissue- pulmonary veins- left atrium- bicuspid valve- left ventricle- aortic semilunar valves- aorta- body tissues- vena cava OR coronary arteries- heart tissue- coronary sinus and cardiac veins- right atrium
86
where Is the heart located?
between lungs and mediastinum
87
name of the layer that is superficial to the pericardial cavity?
parietal pericardium
88
what is the innermost layer of the heart wall called?
endocardium
89
what is the depression between the two ventricles on the anterior surface of the heart
interventricular sulcus
90
are auricles extensions of the atria or the ventricles?
atria
91
what three vessels take blood to the right atrium?
inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, coronary sinus
92
where do the great cardiac vein and the small cardiac vein take blood
coronary sinus and right atrium
93
what blood vessels nourish the heart tissue?
coronary arteries
94
what structure separates the left atrium from the right atrium?
interatrial septum
95
what is the name of the thin spot between the atria?
fossa ovalis
96
the bicuspid valve is located between what two chambers of the heart?
left atrium and left ventricle
97
name the structure between the atrioventricular valve and the papillary muscle
chord tendineae
98
function of the aortic semilunar valve
valve that prevents back flow of blood from aorta into left ventricle
99
another name for tricuspid valve
right atrioventricular valve
100
what cell type makes up most of the myocardium
cardiac muscle
101
what adaptation do you see in the walls of the left ventricle being thicker than those of the right ventricle?
pumps blood to whole body
102
how does cardiac muscle resemble skeletal muscle?
both striated
103
cardiac muscle
| skeletal
involuntary
| voluntary
104
order of conduction. fig 28.1
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, papillary muscles
105
PQ interval (28.3)
P wave, atrial depolarization
106
QRS complex (28.3)
ventricular depolarization
107
QT interval (28.3)
T wave, ventricular repolarization
108
leads of a standard ECG
| fig. 28.2
lead 1- RA-LA potential voltage across horizontal axis
lead 2- RA-LL potential voltage from base to apex
lead 3- LA-LL potential voltage along left side of heart
109
the sinoatrial node has a common name. what is it?
pacemaker
110
which two chambers of the heart contact last in a normal cardiac cycle?
atria
111
after the av node depolarizes, what structures conduct the impulse to the myocardium of the ventricles?
heart blood
112
what are the main events recorded by an ECG?
atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, ventricular repolarization
113
why is the ECG event indicating atrial repolarization not seen in an ECG?
it is masked by a larger QRS
114
what does a heart block do to impulse transmission in the heart?
damages the AV node or decreases transmission in AV bundle
115
what consequences does fibrillation have fro cardiac muscle contraction and for the pumping efficiency of the heart? which is more serious- atrial or ventricular fibrillation?
blood isn't pumped into entire body, ventricular fibrillation
116
if a myocardial infarct (heart attack) destroyed a portion of the right or left bundle branches, what potential change might you see in an ECG?
increase time of QRS interval
117
auscultation areas: fig 29.2
pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve, bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve
118
decreasing heart rate is under the control of what nervous division?
parasympathetic
119
what is the resting heart rate of the average person?
70-80 bpm
120
what region in the heart depolarizes spontaneously?
SA node
121
the movement of electrochemical impulses in the myocardium is called ___?
myogenic conduction
122
what hear sound is produced by the closure of the atrioventricular valves in the heart?
Lubb
123
a heart murmur is normally caused by what event?
imperfect closure of the valves
124
when would a murmur occur in the lubb/dubb cycle is the AV valves were not closing properly?
Lubb
