exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
nasal septum
A
divides external nares
2
Q
external nares aka
A
nostrils
3
Q
path through nasal cavity
A
- external nares
- nasal vestibule
- nasal cavity
4
Q
what protects external nares?
A
guard hairs
5
Q
what is nasal vestibule lined with?
A
stratified squamous epithelium
6
Q
nasal cavity
A
- Traps dust particles
- Composted of CT and respiratory epithelium
- where air can be warmed by underlying venous plexus
7
Q
respiratory epithelium
A
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells (secrete mucus)
8
Q
Nasal concha
A
- several thin, scroll-shaped bony elements forming the upper chambers of thenasal cavities
- increase the surface area of thesecavities, providing for rapid warming and humidification of air as it passes to the lungs.
9
Q
nasal conchae
A
- in walls of nasal cavity
- cause air to come in contact with mucous membrane
- internal nares lead to pharynx.
10
Q
pharynx parts
A
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
11
Q
larynx
A
- “voice box”
- controls pitch of voice
12
Q
thyroid cartilage aka
A
Adam’s apple in men bc of testosterone
13
Q
order of cartilage in larynx
A
thyroid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
14
Q
true vocal cords
A
vocal folds, vibrate with expelled air
15
Q
false vocal cords
A
vocal folds (true vocal cords)
vibrate with expelled air
vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
protect the vocal folds and help to close the glottis when we swallow
16
Q
epiglottis
A
- covers opening of larynx (glottis) during swallowing
- when fails, cough reflex
17
Q
trachea
A
wind pipe
18
Q
tracheal cartilage is made of
A
hyaline cartilage
19
Q
order of trachea
A
- inferior- carina
- splits into 2 main bronchi
- lobar bronchi
- segmental bronci
- bronchiole
20
Q
pathway of bronchi
A
- bronchi turn into
- bronchioles (alveoli attached to walls)
- alveolar ducts
- alveoli
21
Q
alveoli
A
gas exchange occurs with blood capillaries located adjacently
22
Q
airways
A
decrease in size but surface area increases as you travel inferiorly
23
Q
alveolar sacs
A
clusters of alveoli around an alveolar duct
24
Q
Type I pneumocytes
A
increase surface area for gas exchange
25
Type II pneumocytes
secrete surfactant
26
right lung
3 lobes: Superior, middle, inferior
27
left lung
2 lobes: Superior and inferior
28
order of parietal cavity
parietal pleura
pleural cavity
visceral pleura
29
respiratory system
- Function: exchange gases between air and blood
| - CO2 out, O2 in
30
ventilation
mechanical process of moving air in/out of lungs
31
perfusion
exchange of gases
32
inhalation
- diaphragm contracts
| - increase volume in thoracic cavity
33
exhalation
- diaphragm relaxes
| - pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure, so air forced out
34
Boyle's law
as volume increases, pressure decreases (inverse relationship)
35
normal respiratory rate for adults
16-20 breaths/min
36
tachypnea
>20 breaths/min
37
bradypnea
<16 breaths/min
38
measuring tool for measuring capacities
spirometer (estimates volume expired)
39
wet spirometer
measures volume of air actually expired
40
tidal volume
- Norm: 500 mL
- Definition: volume of air displaced during normal breathing
- Measured with handheld spirometer by forcibly exhaling the same amount you typically do during normal exhalation
41
expiratory reserve volume
- Norm: 1,100 mL
- Definition: maximum amount of air that can be exhaled with after normal exhalation
- Measurement with handheld spirometer by forcibly exhaling max amount of air after normal exhalation
42
inspiratory reserve volume
- Max amount of additional air that can be inhaled after normal respiration
- Typically not measured with handheld spirometer
43
vital capacity
- Total volume of air that can be forcefully expelled from lungs after maximum inhalation
- Can be measured with handheld spirometer by inhaling completely and exhaling maximum amount into device
- Normal Vital Capacity: use to compare your vital capacity with like individuals
- Your vital capacity/normal vital capacity x 100 = % normal vital capacity
44
residual volume
- Air left in lungs after max inhalation
| - Norm: 1,00 mL
45
total lung capacity
all 4 volumes
46
flow and resistance
inversely proportional
47
aerobic
- Moderate levels of exercise, longer duration (marathon)
| - Incomplete depletion of oxygen
48
anaerobic
- High intensity, short duration (sprinting)
| - Depletion of oxygen (demand>availability)
49
FEV1/VC:
- proportion of VC that an individual is able to expire in the first second of forced expiration to the full vital capacity
- Norm: 65-75%
50
Obstruction
- Airways narrowed increasing resistance
- Ex: asthma, inflammation (bronchitis), excess mucous, COPD
- Slower exhalation (increased resistance with increased velocity)
- FEV1 lower than normal
51
Restrictive
- Scarring of lung tissue, cannot fully inhale (lungs are less elastic)
- Emphysema, cystic fibrosis
- Normal/high FEV1
52
digestive tract
- food tube
- comes into contact with food
- Esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, etc
53
Accessory organs
- Necessary for absorption as well but do not come into direct contact with food
- Liver, gallbladder, pancreas, etc
54
layers of digestive tract
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
55
mucosa
contains CT layer called lamina propria closest to lumen
56
submucosa
mostly CT
57
muscularis
– smooth muscle to propel material through tract
58
serosa
visceral peritoneum
59
parietal peritoneum
outer layer of peritoneum
60
Esophagus
-Takes food from pharynx, through diaphragm, into stomach
| -
61
food entering esophagus
bolus
62
contraction of esophagus
peristalsis
63
as food travels through esophagus
goes from mostly skeletal to mostly smooth muscle
64
lining of esophagus
adventitia
65
canal of esophagus
lumen
66
inferior aspect of esophagus
has esophageal sphincter to prevent reflux
67
food once enters stomach
chyme
68
stomach
- on left side of abdominal cavity
| - very low pH (very acidic)
69
sphincter that prevents back flow in stomach
esophageal sphincter
70
sphincter that prevents premature release of stomach contents in small intestine
pyloric sphincter
71
stomach order
cardia
fundus
body
pyloric part
72
small intestine
small in diameter, long (17 ft)
73
movement in small intestine
peristalsis
74
role of small intestine
absorb nutrients
75
three parts of small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
76
valve between small and large intestine
ileocecal valve (stops back flow into SI)
77
teniae colie
band of longitudinal muscle (in large intestine)
78
haustra
puckers/pouches in intestinal tract (in large intestine)
79
omental appendages
fat lobules (in large intestine)
80
salivary glands
- secrete saliva into oral cavity
- contains mucus to lubricate food
- contains salivary amylase (digestive enzyme)
81
three pairs of salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
82
function of large intestine
- absorption of water
| - formation of feces
83
vermiform appendix
Near junction of small and large intestine
84
liver function
- produce digestive enzymes
- movement of nutrients
- produces blood plasma proteins
- detoxifies material in body
- produces bile
85
liver 4 lobes
quadrate lobe
right lobe
caudate lobe
left lobe
86
pancreas
- Exocrine and endocrine functions
| - Parts: tail, body, head
87
enzyme/buffers move from
pancreas
pancreatic duct
duodenum
88
gallbladder
- Releases bile emptying into duodenum via common bile duct
- Located just inferior to liver
- bile storage
89
purpose of rugae in stomach
allow stomach to expand
90
bile pathway
```
liver
left and right hepatic ducts
-sphincter closes
common hepatic ducts
cystic duct
stored in gallbladder
```
91
3 structures make up the nasal septum. What are they?
- vomer
- the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
- the nasal cartilage
92
Name the openings between the nasal cavity and the pharynx
internal nares
93
What is the name of the structure that prevents fluid from entering the nasopharynx during swallowing?
uvula
94
What is the name of the large cartilage of the anterior larynx?
thyroid cartilage
95
Where is the tracheobronchial tree located?
lungs
96
emphysema
destruction of alveoli in lungs, decreases surface area of lungs
97
How does the decrease in vital capacity potentially influence a person's athletic performance of aerobic condition as he or she ages?
vital capacity tends to gradually decrease with age because the elastic fibers in the lungs decrease also. This results in less elasticity and an increase of compliance if the lungs.
98
What is the pressure difference between the external air and the pleural cavity when inhalation just begins?
intrapulmonary pressure drops 3mm/Hg below atmospheric pressure and air flows into lungs
99
IRV=
VC-(ERV+TV)
100
How does carbon dioxide change the acid-base condition of a solution when present in excess?
makes it more acidic by forming carbonic acid (H2CO3)
101
lungs located in
pleural cavity
102
part of the stomach closest to the small intestine
pyloric region
103
cell type in the muscularis
smooth muscle
104
location of villi
mucosa
105
where are lacteals located in the digestive tract
mucosa of the small intestine
106
what membrane holds the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity
lingual franulum
107
what part of the tooth is found above the neck
the crown
108
what is the layer of a tooth superficial to the dentin
enamel
109
What are the names of the salivary glands located anterior to the ear
parotid glands
110
Where is the lesser omentum found?
between the liver and stomach
111
Name 2 functions of the pancreas
- provides digestive enzymes for proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
- secretes solution that buffers stomach acid
112
the target heart rate zone for exercise is
60-80% for the maximum heart rate (MHR) for healthy adults... the maximum heart rate for an individual is his or her age subtracted from 220
113
tongue is made of _____ tissue
skeletal
114
4 types of papillae
- foliate
- fungiform
- filiform
- circumvallate
115
Tongue has taste receptors for
taste buds
116
A tooth consists of a
crown, neck, root
117
crown
exposed part of tooth
118
neck
constricted portion of the tooth
119
root
embedded into the jaw
120
innermost portion of the tooth consists of the
pulp cavity
121
muscles around the wall of the oropharynx are the
pharyngeal constrictor muscles
122
the space in the esophagus that the food passes through is called the
lumen
123
in the stomach, what is partially digested food called
chyme
