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Biol 1000 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the characteristics of living organisms

A
  1. have organization
  2. acquire and use energy
  3. maintain constant internal conditions
  4. have inherited information (DNA) that determines form and function
  5. are composed of 1 or more cells
  6. respond to their environment
  7. reproduce
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2
Q

collection of unified insights about nature, the evidence for which is an array of facts

A

science

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3
Q

explanations thought to be true

A

facts

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4
Q

generalization that explains many observations - has been tested and researchers have yet to find evidence that disproves it - usually generates many hypotheses

A

theory

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5
Q

tentative, testable explanation for an observed phenomenon

A

hypothesis

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6
Q

what are the steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. observation
  2. hypothesis
  3. experiment / test
  4. conclusion
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7
Q

factor of an experiment that is being tested

A

independent variable

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8
Q

response or change that occurs due to the independent variable

A

dependent variable

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9
Q

a sample where the independent variables are omitted

A

control sample

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10
Q

a substance that can’t be reduced to a simpler substance (composed of atoms)

A

element

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11
Q

basic unit of matter composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons

A

atom

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12
Q

very little space, but contains all the mass

A

nucleus

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13
Q

positive charge; determine the atomic number of an element

A

protons

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14
Q

(in nucleus) no charge

A

neutrons

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15
Q

forms of a single element that differ in the number of neutrons

A

isotopes

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16
Q

what does protons + neutrons equal?

A

mass number

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17
Q

an isotope that has an unstable nucleus - loss of neutrons from the nucleus

A

radioisotope

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18
Q

very little mass, negative charge

A

electrons

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19
Q

atoms that differ in the number of protons and electrons

A

ions

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20
Q

electrons occur in shells, each atom seeks to fill its _____ shell

A

outer

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21
Q

how many electrons can the first shell hold?

A

two

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22
Q

how many electrons can the rest of the shells hold?

A

8

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23
Q

atoms will form _____ to satisfy the requirements of their outer shells

A

bonds

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24
Q

number of atoms in a defined spatial relationship

A

molecules

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25
bonds in which atoms share electrons
covalent bonds
26
shared electrons spend more time near the larger nucleus. creates negative charge on one end of molecule.
polar covalent bonds
27
formed when partially positive hydrogen atom in a polar covalent bond is attracted to a partially negative atom in another covalent bond
hydrogen bonds
28
atoms bonded through attraction of oppositely charged particles - exchange electrons
ionic bonds
29
mixture of 2 or more substances
solution
30
substance that is dissolved in a solvent
solute
31
the substance in which a solute is dissolved
solvent
32
provided the basis for life
water
33
less dense than water - molecules spread apart
ice. freezes at 0 C
34
water molecules bond to each other more strongly than to air
surface tension
35
molecules that interact with water
hydrophilic
36
molecules that do not interact with water
hydrophobic
37
what is an example of a hydrophilic molecule?
salt
38
what is an example of a hydrophobic molecule?
lipid
39
lower pH
acids
40
raise pH
bases
41
what number means most acidic?
0
42
what number means most basic?
14
43
what happens when your pH is too low?
acidosis
44
what happens when your pH is too high?
alkalosis
45
compounds that contain carbon
organic compounds
46
how many covalent bonds can carbon form?
four
47
chain of carbons and hydrogens | example: propane
hydrocarbons
48
the groups of atoms in an organic molecule that usually participate in chemical reactions
functional groups
49
single unites
monomers
50
string of monomers
polymers
51
contain C,H, O
carbohydrates
52
what is the monomer of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
53
what is the polymer of carbohydrates?
polysaccharides
54
carbohydrate storage in plants, digestible by animals
starch
55
how animals store carbohydrates
glycogen
56
primary structural component of plants (provides rigidity). animals can not digest, only bacteria can
cellulose
57
strengthens the exoskeleton of many organisms
chitin
58
when molecules bind to one another and produce H2O
dehydration synthesis
59
when a more complex molecule is split into simpler molecules and water is required
hydrolysis
60
- composed of C, H, O - more H - hydrophobic - used for energy storage, insulation
lipids
61
type of lipid - glycerol and fatty acids
fat
62
a carboxyl and a long hydrocarbon chain
fatty acid
63
can be saturated or unsaturated
hydrocarbon chain
64
all C-C bonds are single bonds
saturated
65
at least one C-C bond is a double bond
unsaturated
66
a type of lipid that all have a set of 4 linked carbon rings
steroids
67
make up the outer membranes of cells
phospholipids
68
consists of 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
phospholipids
69
fatty acids tails are ____
hydrophobic
70
phosphate heads are ____
hydrophilic
71
polymer composed of many amino acids
protein
72
contains the instructions for putting together proteins
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
73
takes DNA encoded instructions to the sites in cells where proteins are put together
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
74
what are DNA and RNA composed of?
nucleotides
75
what are nucleotides composed of?
a phosphate group, a 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogen containing base (Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine)
76
- archaea or bacteria - no nuclei - single celled - many do not use oxygen - no organelles
prokaryotes
77
- everything else - nuclei - multicellular - most use oxygen - organelles
eukaryotes
78
membrane bound department - contains DNA
nucleus
79
outer boundary of cell
plasma membrane
80
region inside the plasma membrane and outside of the nucleus
cytoplasm
81
structures within the cell which carry out specific functions
organelles
82
within nucleus - RNA and proteins combine to make ribosomal subunits (will make up ribosome)
nucleolus
83
internal scaffolding that maintains the shape of the cell
cytoskeleton
84
fluid in which the cell's organelles are immersed (outside of the nucleus)
cytosol
85
structure that translates RNA to proteins
ribosome
86
network of plasma membranes that has ribosomes embedded in the surface. there are also free ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
87
detoxifies potentially harmful substances and produces lipids
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
88
consists of membranous sacs. receives proteins from the ER, modifies them, and them ships them off to their final destination
Golgi complex
89
tiny membranous sacs in the cytoplasm
vessicle
90
organelles than contain enzymes that break down organelles and return them to the cytosol so they can be reused - also digest nutrients
lysosome
91
vessicle containing enzymes which break down fatty acids and amino acids
peroxisome
92
convert energy found in food into a molecular form (ATP) the cell can use
mitochondria
93
changes in cell shapes | - in muscle cells: actin, myosin
microfilaments
94
skeleton / give structure
intermediate filaments
95
move organelles from one area to another, also cell extensions - cilia and flagella
microtubules
96
- may contain 90% of the cell volume | - contains mostly water, but also nutrients and waste
central vacuole
97
- located outside the cell membrane - plants, bacteria, algae, and fungi have cell walls - composed of cellulose (polysaccharide)
cell wall
98
where photosynthesis takes place
chloroplasts

Biol 1000 (6 decks)

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