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Biol 1000 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

(109 cards)

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1
Q

body cell; excludes cells that undergo meiosis and become sperm or eggs

A

somatic cell

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2
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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3
Q

an orderly set of stages that take place between the time a cell divides and the time the resulting cells also divide

A

cell cycle

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4
Q

most of the cell cycle is spent in _____

A

interphase

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5
Q

following replication, a chromosome consists of a pair of sister chromatids, held together at the centromere; each chromatid is comprised of a single DNA helix

A

chromatid

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6
Q

the division of the nucleus and genetic material

A

mitosis

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7
Q

the division of the cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

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8
Q

hormones that deliver a signal to the plasma membrane of target cells

A

growth factors

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9
Q

encode proteins that promote that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis

A

protooncogenes

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10
Q

encode proteins that slow the cell cycle

A

tumor suppressor genes

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11
Q

when proto-oncogenes mutate, they become cancer-causing genes

A

oncogenes

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12
Q

eukaryotic chromosomes are composed _____, a combination of both DNA and protein

A

chromatin

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13
Q

the region where each replicated chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids held together

A

centromere

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14
Q

cell condition in which two of each type of chromosome are present

A

diploid (2n)

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15
Q

cell condition in which only one of each type of chromosome is present

A

haploid (n)

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16
Q

assists in distributing the chromosomes to the nucleus of each daughter cell

A

spindle

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17
Q

first phase of mitosis; characterized by the condensation of the chromatin; chromosomes are visible, but scattered in the nucleus

A

prophase

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18
Q

phase of cell division that occurs between prophase and metaphase and is characterized by attachment of the spindle fibers to the kinetochores of each sister chromatid

A

prometaphase

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19
Q

third phase of mitosis; chromosomes are aligned at the _____ plate

A

metaphase

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20
Q

fourth phase of mitosis; chromosomes move toward the poles of the spindle

A

anaphase

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21
Q

final phase of mitosis; daughter cells are located at each pole

A

telophase

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22
Q

cells come from other cells

A

cell division

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23
Q

cells divide to produce…

A

daughter cells

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24
Q

somatic cells undergo cell division to produce…

A

exact copies of the original

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25
any cells that are not a reproductive cell (body cell)
somatic cells
26
combination of DNA and protein molecules
chromatin
27
chromosomes are formed by...
chromatin coils just before it divides
28
chromosomes contain
DNA
29
how many chromosomes do humans have?
46 chromosomes - 23 homologous pairs
30
just before a cell divides, chromosomes make a copy of the DNA within
sister chromatids
31
when the cell divides...
the sister chromatids separate
32
the phase where chromosomes duplicate
interphase
33
nuclei of cells divide and produce 2 nuclei that are just alike
mitosis
34
cytoplasm divides in cells
cytokinesis
35
chromosomes condense and coil tighter, the mitotic spindle forms (spindle apparatus composed of microtubules) and moves the chromosomes towards center
prophase
36
chromosomes arrive at the center of the cell
metaphase
37
sister chromatids separate and go their own way, each moving to opposite poles where they will stay
anaphase
38
cell begins to divide, mitotic spindle breaks down, cytokinesis occurs, and 2 new daughter cells are found (2 copies of the original cell)
telophase
39
in animals, cytokinesis occurs by...
cleavage furrow (process pinches cell apart)
40
in plants, a cell plate...
splits cell into two
41
interphase is not part of
mitosis
42
when cell cycle operates normally, mitotic cell division functions in...
growth, cell replacement, asexual reproduction
43
most normal cells divide only when attached to a surface
anchorage dependent
44
cells continue dividing until they touch one another
density dependence inhibition
45
divide excessively and can invade other tissues and displace normal cells
cancer cells
46
1 in 5 deaths is because of
cancer
47
abnormal mass of cells
tumor
48
tumors that do not spread
benign
49
tumors that are cancerous and do spread
malignant tumors
50
growth of cancer cells beyond the original site
metastasis
51
cancers that originate in the external or internal linings of the body (example: skin and breast)
carcinomas
52
cancers that are in tissues that support the body (example: bone and muscle)
sarcomas
53
cancers in blood forming tissues (example: bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)
leukemias and lymphomas
54
cancers are usually not affected by...
density dependent inhibition or anchorage dependent
55
high energy radiation is used to destroy dividing cells - targets cancer cells, but can destroy normal cells
radiation treatment
56
drugs that disrupt cell division
chemotherapy
57
impairs the function of the mitotic spindle (discovered in the bark of the Pacific yew)
taxol
58
produces genetic variety among offspring (inherit chromosomes from each parent)
sexual reproduction
59
carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics (different version of genes, alleles, code for different variations of characteristics)
homologous chromosomes
60
in humans, each homologous pair contains...
one chromosome inherited from dad and one inherited from mom
61
chromosomes in humans...
22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (sex chromosomes determine sex)
62
two homologous sets of chromosomes (2n) (somatic cells, mitosis)
diploid cells
63
in humans the diploid number is...
46 chromosomes (2n = 46)
64
egg and sperm (haploid cells)
gametes
65
single set of chromosomes (sex cells, meiosis)
haploid cells
66
in humans, the haploid number is
n = 23 chromosomes
67
when egg and sperm cells fuse
diploid zygote (2n = 46)
68
cell division that forms gametes (reproductive organs)
meiosis
69
meiosis is preceded by...
interphase (chromosomes duplicate)
70
2 divisions occur in meiosis that form...
4 haploid daughter cells
71
meiosis I
prophase I metaphase I anaphase I telophase I
72
in synapsis, homologous chromosome pairs come together and form a tetrad. these pairs exchange segments (crossing over). spindle forms - tetrads start to move toward the center of the cell
prophase I
73
homologous chromosomes align on the metaphase plate
metaphase I
74
homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles
anaphase I
75
chromosomes arrive at opposite ends of the cell divides in cytokinesis
telophase I
76
meiosis II
prophase II metaphase II anaphase II telophase II
77
spindle forms again
prophase II
78
chromosomes align in center of the cell (metaphase plate)
metaphase II
79
sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of cell
anaphase II
80
chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and cytokinesis begins which forms 4 haploid cells when complete
telophase II
81
if an organism with 24 chromosomes undergoes meiosis I and II...
then it will produce 4 cells with 12 chromosomes
82
the segregation of alleles for one gene does not affect the segregation of alleles for another
independent assortment (independent orientation)
83
until the 20th century many biologists believed characteristics acquired in a lifetime were...
passed down and traits always blended
84
yy or YY
homozygous
85
Yy
heterozygous
86
physical traits (example: blue eyes)
phenotype
87
genetic makeup (example: Yy)
genotype
88
someone who has an allele for a recessive trait but does not have the trait
carrier
89
evaluate 1 trait
monohybrid cross
90
evaluate 2 traits
dihybrid cross
91
two recessive alleles must be present for trait to be displayed
autosomal recessive inheritance
92
some parents may be carriers for...
recessive disorders
93
examples of autosomal recessive disorders
Albinism | Cystic Fibrosis
94
carried on dominant alleles
dominant disorders
95
examples of dominant disorders
Achondroplasia | Huntington's disease
96
incomplete dominance in humans...
hypercholesterolemia
97
HH - normal Hh - mild disease hh - severe disease
hypercholesterolemia
98
expression of two different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote (both genes are dominant)
codominance
99
ABO blood type is...
codominance (2 alleles are codominant and 3rd allele is recessive to others)
100
contains master gene for sex determination (if present, testes form); contains very few genes
the Y chromosome
101
more genes that Y chromosome, many deal with nonsexual traits; genes on x chromosome can be expressed in both males and females
the X chromosome
102
trait is carried on x chromosome and appears in males more than females (males cannot inherit from his father)
x-linked inheritance
103
examples of x-linked inheritance
colorblindness | hemophilia
104
chart of genetic connections among individuals (used to follow traits in humans through generations and determine the genotypes of individuals)
pedigree
105
alleles at a single locus may have effects on 2 or more traits
pleiotropy
106
example of pleiotropy in humans...
Marfan syndrome - mutation in gene for fibrillin (connective tissue) affects skeleton, cardiovascular system, lungs, eyes, and skin
107
traits affected by genes at more than one loci
polygenic trait
108
continuous range in a given trait among individuals
continuous variation
109
the more genes a trait is affected by the more...
continuous the variation

Biol 1000 (6 decks)

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