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General Psycology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is structuralism?

A

The idea that consciousness can be broken down into baser elements to be studied.

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2
Q

How was structuralism practiced?

A

Through the use of introspection

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3
Q

Who helped to found Structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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4
Q

What is functionalism?

A

Study of how mental process help people to adapt to their enviroment.

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5
Q

Who helped to found functionalism?

A

William James

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6
Q

What theory was functionalism based on?

A

The Theory of Evolution

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7
Q

What was the main source of conflict between functionalism and structuralism?

A

Functionalist thought that consciousness was a stream while structuralist thought it could be broken down.

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8
Q

What is behaviorism?

A

The idea that psychologist should restrict themselves to the study of only what can be observed.

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9
Q

Who helped to found behaviorism?

A

John Watson.

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10
Q

What was behaviorism influenced by?

A

Pavolov

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11
Q

Who was William James?

A

Guy who brought psychology over to the United States. Founded Functionalism. Wrote the Principles of Psychology.

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12
Q

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A

Taught first course is physiological psycology. Believed one should focus on consciousness. Tried to break down consciousness to base materials like a chemist. Thoughts were the foundation for structualism.

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13
Q

Who was John Watson?

A

Though that psychologist should focus only on behavior not the mind. Influenced by Pavolv. Created behaviorism. Did the little Albert study.

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14
Q

Who was B.F. Skinner?

A

Known for the Skinner Box. Wrote The Behavior of Organism: An Experimental Analysis

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15
Q

What was the experiment Von Hemholtz did?

A

Tested the reaction time of people. Found that there was a delay the further you went down.

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16
Q

What was the experiment Wundt did?

A

Experiments used introspection to break consciousnesses down to base parts. Did a button experiment to show that introspection took time.

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17
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology?

A

Study of internal mental processes such as info processing, thinking, reasoning, memory and decision maker.

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18
Q

What is Evolutionary Psychology?

A

Interested in how brain structure and function helped our ancestors adapt.

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19
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A

Procedure for finding facts by using empirical evidence.

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20
Q

What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?

A

A theory is a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon, while a hypothesis is a falsifiable prediction made by a theory.

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21
Q

What is the difference between a correlation study and an experiment?

A

Correlation studies finds a pattern between two or more action and their effects which seems to be linked, while experiments are techniques for establishing a causal relationship between variables.

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22
Q

What is a perfect positive correlation?

A

A correlation with an r equal to 1.

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23
Q

What is a perfect negative correlation?

A

A correlation with an r equal to -1.

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24
Q

What is no correlation?

A

A correlation with an r equal to 0.

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25
What are the pros and cons of a correlation study?
Pros cheap, easy to do, quick to do | Cons can't be used to determine a causal relation
26
What are the pros and cons of a experimental study?
Pros Reliable, can be used to make a causal link. | Cons Expensive, can't prove a theory to be true
27
What is the difference between a single blind experiment and a double blind experiment?
In a single blind experiment the participants are unaware of the condition they are in, while in a double blind experiment both the participants and the researchers are unaware of the condition the participants are in.
28
What is a placebo?
An inert substance or treatment that can't be distinguished from a real substance or treatment.
29
What is a control group?
Group that experiences all the procedures except exposure to the Independent variable.
30
What is the difference between random assignment and random sampling?
In a random assignment each person has an equal chance of being in any experimental condition, while with random sampling you are just choosing people in such a way that every member of a population has an equal chance of being assigned.
31
What is the difference between reliability vs validity?
Reliability is consistency while validity is accuracy
32
What is an independent variable?
The variable you are manipulating.
33
What is a dependent variable?
The variable you are measuring. (Measures the effect of the IV)
34
What is a confounding variable?
A variable while not important to your hypothesis, if not held for will result in a screwed result.
35
What is an operational definition?
How things are being defined.
36
What are the three reasons studying people is difficult?
Reactivity, Complexity, and Variability
37
What is reactivity?
People act differently when observed than when not observed.
38
What is complexity?
People are very complex so it is hard to nail down exactly what is causing a person to act in a certain way.
39
What is variability?
People differ from person to person
40
What must research do?
It must show respect for people, maximize benefits while minimizing detriments, and be just in distributing benefits and risks equally.
41
What is informed consent?
Written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of the risks that the research may entail.
42
What is freedom from coercion?
Participants can't be forced or otherwise have incentives to undergo studies
43
What is debriefing?
The participants who were lied or otherwise mislead in a study must be told the true purpose of the study. Additionally the researcher must undo any change as a result of the study.
44
What is risk benefit analysis?
Participants can't undergo server risks due to the study. Additionally any benefits from the study must outweigh any costs.
45
What is epigenetics?
Study of the nature vs nurture interaction in the production of phenotypes.
46
What is heritability?
Measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that can be accounted for by genetic factors.
47
What is the central nervous system, and what is it made up of?
The central nervous system is a system comprised up of the brain and spinal cord that receives sensory information from the external world and process.
48
What is the peripheral nervous system, and what is it made up of?
The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the organs and the muscles. It is comprised of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
49
What does the somatic nervous system do?
Conveys information into and out of the central nervous system. It also controls voluntary movement.
50
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
The autonomic nervous system coveys involuntary and automatic commands that control internal organs and glands.
51
What are the parts of the autonomic nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system is made up of two parts the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathic nervous system.
52
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for arousing the body.
53
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for calming the body.
54
What are the four lobes of the brain?
Frontal Lobe, Temporal Lobe, Parietal Lobe and the Occipital Lobe
55
What is does the frontal lobe do?
Responsible for planning behavior, attention, judgment, emotion and language
56
What is does the temporal lobe do?
Responsible for processing faces and objects, and language comprehension.
57
What is does the parietal lobe do?
Responsible for localizing touch, pain, body position and temperature.
58
What is does the Occipital lobe do?
Responsible for interpreting input from the eyes, recognizing objects, and processing information.
59
What is the difference between contralateral control vs Ipsilatal function?
Contralateral control is when the left side controls the right side and vice versa, while ipsilatal is when the left controls the left and the right controls the right.
60
Where is Broca's area?
In the frontal lobe.
61
Where is Wernicke's area?
In the temporal lobe.
62
What is the difference between Broca's area and Wernickes area?
Broca's area is the center of speech production while Wernickes area deals with understanding speech.
63
What is the subcortex made up of?
Thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus
64
What does the Thalamus do?
Takes in inputs from sensory regions and passes it to the cerebral cortex. Deals with memory, consciousness, and sleep regulation
65
What does the hypothalamus do?
4 F's, Also deals with homeostasis, regulates body temp, thirst, hunger, and the like
66
What does the amygdala do?
Deals with fear and aggression. Also produces emotional and motivational outputs to the cerebral cortex.
67
What does the hippocampus do?
Deals with the formation of long term memories.
68
What parts is the hind brain made up of?
Pons, Medulla, Cerebullum, Reticular Formation
69
What does the Pons do?
Relays info from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
70
What does the Medulla do?
Coordinates heart rate, circulation, and respiration
71
What does the Cerebellum do?
Controls fine motor skills.
72
What does the Reticular Formation do?
Regulates sleep, wakefulness and arousal.
73
What are the two main structures that comprise the midbrain?
Tectum and the Tegmentum
74
What does the tectum do?
Orients into the environment.
75
What does the Tegmentum do?
It is involved in movement and arousal.
76
What are the four basic properties of consciousness?
Intentionality, Unity, Selectivity, and transience
77
What is Intentionality?
The quality of being directed toward an object.
78
What is Unity?
The resistance to division.
79
What is Selectivity?
The capacity to include some objects but not others.
80
What is Transience?
The tendency for consciousness to change.

General Psycology (2 decks)

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