Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is “normal” behavior?
A
what is accepted by society, the majority behavior
2
Q
Methods of defining abnormal behavior
A
- statistical approach
- cultural approach
- mental health criteria
- personal criteria
- broad criteria of abnormality
3
Q
Statistical approach
A
infrequent behaviors in a society
- if you have low/high anxiety = disorder
4
Q
abnormality (statistical approach)
A
infrequent behaviors
5
Q
problems with statistical approach
A
some rare behaviors are not mental illness, some common behaviors could be
- can’t really use statistics to measure
6
Q
Cultural approach
A
deviation from accepted behaviors in a society
7
Q
problems with cultural approach
A
- no great consistency between cultures
- cultural norms change over time
- assumes society is never sick, only individuals
8
Q
psychopathy (cultural)
A
abnormal
ex. that dude in cbus who drank pee
ex. Koro = paranoid fear of penis retraction
ex. streaking popular in 70s
ex. Germany, Holocaust
9
Q
Mental health criteria
A
mental illness
Broverman et al
“Double standard of mental health”
10
Q
mental illness
A
absence of mental health
11
Q
Broverman et al (1970)
A
- double standard of mental health
- surveyed mental health professionals, 1/3 asked to describe healthy, mature adult, 1/3 asked to describe healthy, mature man, 1/3 asked to describe healthy, mature woman
12
Q
Personal criteria
A
individual defines morality
13
Q
Problems with personal criteria
A
denial, lack of awareness
ex. substance abuse (rationalize)
14
Q
Broad criteria of of abnormality
A
a. cause distress
b. deviance and bizarreness
c. dysfunction and maladaptiveness
15
Q
cause distress and discomfort
A
- causes physical, emotional, discomfort to others
- ex. anti-social personality disorder
16
Q
deviance and bizarreness
A
ex. hoarders, paranoia
17
Q
dysfunction and maladaptiveness
A
- interferes w/ daily living
- ex. OCD
18
Q
etiology of mental illness
A
we don’t know the specific reason - what causes mental illness?
- alternative views
ex. depression (environment and neurotransmitters) - cog + behav + environ
19
Q
paradigm shifts
A
now: Albert Ellis
then: Freud
20
Q
What puts people at risk for mental illness?
A
- age (younger)
- relationship (single)
- education, money (lower)
- social contact
- employment
- low relationship satisfaction
21
Q
Not risk factors:
A
- sex/gender
- intelligence
- race/ethnicity
22
Q
Theoretical Models
A
- psychodynamic
- cognitive
- behavioral
- humanistic
- sociocultural
- biological
23
Q
psychodynamic (short)
A
unconscious conflicts
24
Q
cognitive (short)
A
ways of thinking
25
behavioral (short)
problematic behaviors
26
humanistic (short)
rules of values and self concept
27
sociocultural (short)
society and cultural
28
biological (short)
genetic, brain functions
29
Behavioral Theory
1. classical conditioning
| 2. operant conditioning
30
classical conditioning
learning by association
- nothing natural with things we can be afraid of (ex. spiders)
- memorize classical conditioning chart
31
operant conditioning
uses positive/negative reinforcement and punishment
32
reinforcement
increase
33
positive reinforcement (ex. depression)
sad when we lose something, so people coddle us
34
negative reinforcement
maintains anxiety
| ex. OCD maintained by neg. reinforcement bc they don't put themselves in anxiety situations (increasing avoidance)
35
Cognitive model
explain psychological disorders by how you think
- disorders are a function of how we interpret our experiences
- we think events cause our emotions, when it's actually our beliefs that cause our emotions
RET
36
RET
rational emotive therapy
| - look at model
37
Humanistic model
focuses on self-actualization, pursue potentials
- the type of environment you were raised in
ex. unconditional positive regard
ex. conditions of worth
38
unconditional positive regard
support/love no matter behaviors
| - healthy development
39
conditions of worth
leads to anxiety/depression
40
Sociocultural model
1. early deprivation/trauma (ex. neglect, poverty)
2. cultural influences (class, race, ethnicity)
ex. universal disorders (schizophrenia)
41
Biological model
pathology (sickness), symptoms, diagnosis
| - mental disorders as diseases
42
aspects of the biological model
1. genetics
| 2. neurotransmitters
43
genetics
- don't determine disorders, only predispose a person
| - more you see disease in family, higher vulnerability
44
while genetics makes you more vulnerable...
doesn't mean you'll get it
45
while a disorder may be in your genetics...
something in environment triggers disorder
46
when you inherit genetic predispositions
genotype
47
genotype
genetic makeup (ex. twin studies)
48
MZ twins
monozygotic
49
DZ twins
dizygotic (share less genetic material than MZ twins)
50
concordance rate
% twins that share diagnosis
51
rate of schizo in MZ twins
45-55%
52
rate of schizo in DZ twins
17%
53
Neurotransmitter effects
1. reuptake
2. degredation
"chemical messengers"
54
reuptake
reabsorption of neurotransmitter
55
degredation
neurotransmitters are broken down
56
"chemical messengers"
neurotransmitters
57
can be used again
reuptake
58
not reabsorbed
degredation
59
significant changes in DSM
1. autistic disorders
2. added binge eating
3. hoarding disorder
4. excoriation
5. premenstral disorder
60
autistic disorder changes
some need care, others dont
| - no ausbergers anymore
61
Rejected for DSM
1. hypersexual disorder (no science)
2. parental alienation syndrome
3. sensory processing disorder
62
What does DSM do and not do
does: list disorders and treatment
| doesn't: discuss treatment
63
Problems with the DSM (and diagnosis)
1. no distinct treatment is implied
2. implies a clear distinction between normal and abnormal
3. fails to give whole picture of client
4. labels the client
64
lables the client
lables can become self-fulfilling prophecy
| ex. Rosenhan (1973)
65
Rosenhan: on being sane in insane places
- 1 person stayed 5 days
- 1 person stayed 52 days
- real patients could tell, nurses couldn't
- helped change diagnostic system
- 2 aims; get data on patient
66
IV of Rosenhan
lack of symptoms
67
DV of Rosenhan
staff response (combined total of 2500 pills
68
clinical interviews
- structured vs. unstructured
- get...
- ex. Mental Status Exam
69
structured vs. unstructured
interview lasts around 1 hr
70
get:
1. presenting problem
2. history
3. present functioning
4. coping skills/strengths
71
ex. Mental Status Exam
similar to physical exam
| - cognitive, intellectual, emotional
72
Objective Tests
MMPI 2
73
MMPI 2
self report tests
10 clinical scales
3 validity scales
74
self report tests
- highly reliable and valid
- symptoms of psychopathology
- 567 TF questions
75
10 clinical scales
1. hypochondria
2. depression
3. schizophrenia
76
"I have a great deal of stomach trouble"
hypochondria
77
Can you make a diagnosis based off of MMPI 2?
no
78
3 validity scales (truth-telling)
```
L scale (lie) "fake good"
F scale (frequency) "fake bad"
K scale (defensiveness)
```
79
Projective Tests
- test unconscious dimensions of personality
| - ambiguous stimuli
80
ambiguous stimuli
project unconsious needs/desires
81
Rorschach Inkblot
1921 - 10 blots, 5 colors, 5 black and whites
82
TAT
(Thematic Apperception Test)
- internal needs and environmental press
- 30 ambiguous pictures
83
Projectives
low reliability and validity
84
Anxiety
general state of apprehension about what may happen
| - nothing has happened yet, could happen in future
85
how is anxiety manifested?
1. cognitively
2. motorically
3. somatically
4. affectively
86
worry, dread, ruminations
cognitive
87
agitation, fidgety
motorically
88
dizzy, sweating, tension
somatically
89
depression, sadness
affectively
90
anxiety disorders =
neurosis
| - most common diagnosed disorder in women, second for men
91
what did Freud say anxiety was
repressed things
92
Anxiety Vs. Fear: Fear
basic emotion, present oriented, clear danger
| - not about what could happen, about what is happening now
93
Anxiety vs. Fear: Anxiety
future oriented, diffuse, unclear threat, anticipate
| - not clear/present danger, possibility
94
State vs. Trait Anxiety: State
anxiety as a function of a situation
95
State vs. Trait Anxiety: Trait
disposition towards anxiety
96
what produces optimal performance (helpful)
moderate anxiety
97
Characteristics of Anxiety Disorders
1. one's inability to cope with anxiety underlies
2. seriously disruptive, no loss of contact with reality
3. moderate levels of diagnosed pain
98
seriously disruptive, no loss of contact with reality
- frequent, intense anxiety
- development of avoidance
- understand that fears are irrational
99
panic disorder
- unexpected panic attacks
- last 2-3 min/1 hr
- described as worst experience (heart attack)
100
syptoms of panic disorder
- cant breath
- racing heart/palpitations
- chest pain/discomfort
- detached from one's self
- fear of going crazy, losing control, dying
101
Unexpected vs. Cued panic attacks
attacks recurrent, fear of another
- initial attack typically occurs after neg. life event
- onset = early adulthood
102
(Happen for no reason vs. triggered)
- begin structuring life to accommodate
- nocturnal panic - 1-3 am
- more common in females than males
- frequent users of ER
103
To cope with panic attacks
1. drugs/alcohol
2. tolerance
3. develop agoraphobia
104
agoraphobia
avoid situation of attack
105
Causes of panic disorders
1. Biological
| 2. Cognitive
106
biological causes of panic disorders
abnormal norepinephrine functioning
- brain circuit abnormality
- sudden increase of CO2
107
sudden increase of CO2
leads to shortness of breath
| mind takes over in fear and makes it worse
108
cognitive causes of panic disorders
physio sensations misinterpreted
- links panic feeling to external stimuli
- becomes fearful of event
109
Treatment of Panic Disorder
1. SNRIs (nor. and serotonin)
2. SSRIs
3. anti-anxiety meds (habit forming)
4. Cognitive treatment
110
ex. of SNRI
effexor, pristiq
111
ex. of SSRI
celexa, zoloft
112
cognitive treatment
correct one's misinterpretations of bodily sensations
113
Phobia
intense, irrational fear
| - out of proportion with reality
114
phobias
- promote fight or flight
- avoidance of feared object
- 6/100 people (based on who seeks help)
- 8/100 women
- 3.5/100 men
115
Problems with medical model
1. no cures for some diseases
2. patient is not responsible for Tx
3. over-reliance on drugs
116
Diagnisis (Dx)
attempt to classify illness into concrete, mutually exclusive categories
117
why is diagnosis necessary
1. categorize the problem
2. identify functioning breakdown
3. predictions about future behavior
4. aids in treatment planning
118
what does diagnosis assume
- homogeneity within categories
| - categories are distinct from each other - isnt always true
119
History of Diagnosis
1. emile Kraepelin (1900)
- incurable madness (schizo)
- elation and melancholy (bipolar)
- DSM
- DSM III
- DSM IV
- DSM 5
120
DSM 1952
60 disorders
121
DSM III
1987
220 disorders
v-codes
adjustment disorders
122
DSM IV
2004 ( >300)
123
DSM 5 (2013)
315
stress: 0-100
GAF
124
Treatment of OCD
- exposure response prevention
125
exposure response prevention
exposure to fear without being allowed to respond with compulsion
ex. lock door once and make them leave
(effective and scary)
126
hoarding
persistend difficulty discarding possessions, regardless of value
127
when was hoarding added to DSM
2013 (used to be subset of OCD)
128
facts about hoarding
- typically begins in teen years
- view themselves as collectors
- strong anxiety about throwing away
- distinct from OCD
- antidepressants show mixed results
- no longer an adaptive trait
- don't think they have a problem
- therapists have to work hands on
129
difference between hoarders and collectors
collectors don't collect useless things
130
treatment of anxiety disorders
- 10-20 sessions
- learning-behavioral approach
- cognitive therapies
131
learning-behavioral approach
1. exposure therapies
| 2. inhibit anxiety
132
exposure therapies
expose to fearful stimuli
- extinction
- flooding
133
extinction
via clasical conditioning
CS (dentist) + UCS (pain) = CR (fear)
134
flooding
exposure to feared stimulus all at once
in vivo - real exposure
in vito - imagined
135
inhibit anxiety
inhibit with an incopatible response
| - systematic desensitization
136
systematic desensitization
- relaxation with anxiety-provoking situations
- takes place over months of time
- fear has to interfere significantly in life
137
steps to systematic desensitization
1. progressive relaxation
2. fear stibuli
3. pair relaxation with hierarchy
138
progressive relaxation
tense all muscles and release
139
pair relaxation with hierarchy
build hierarcy of fear
| ex. snakes -> lease fearful association to most fearful
140
Cognitive Therapies
- anxiety
| - cognitive restructuring
141
cognitive restructuring
replace irrational beliefs with accurate ones
unrealistic thoughts = maladaptive behavior
142
anxiety (cognitive therapies)
= unrealistic appraisal of situation and response
- tend to overestimate harm
ex. bees will always sting
143
phobias may be
adaptive/have been at one time
144
phobias may grow
progressively broader
145
how long does a phobia last
24-31 years
146
3 general categories of phobias
1. specific phobia
2. social phobia
3. agoraphobia
147
specific phobia
- most common
- specific object/situation
- interferes with functioning
148
4 subtypes of specific phobias
1. animal type
2. natural environment type
3. blood-injection-injury
149
facts about phobias
- unusual physio response
- may be adaptive
- BP, heartrate decrease
- fainting
- nausea
150
Causes of Specific Phobias
1. Classical + Operant conditioning
| 2. Vicarious learning
151
classical + operant conditioning
US (pain) -> UR (fear)
| dentist example
152
operant conditioning
- negative reinforcement
| - fear, avoidance increases as anxiety removed
153
vicarious learning
learn the fear from someone else's fear
154
social phobia
fear negative evaluation by others
- specific or general
- judge themselves hashly
- begins in adolescence
- 70% female, 30% male
155
causes of social phobia
- biological vulnerability
- panic attack in social situations
- cognitive theory
156
cognitive theory (social phobia)
negative thoughts, hypervigilance
157
agoraphobia
"fear of the marketplace"
- public places where escape will be difficult, escape unavoidable
- fear panic attack and no escape
- anticipatory anxiety
- negatively reinforced
