Exam #1 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Social Psychology
A
study of the causes and consequences of a person’s thoughts, feelings, and actions regarding themselves and others
2
Q
Sociology
A
study of society and social behavior at the group level
3
Q
Anthropology
A
study of culture and human behavior over time
4
Q
Clinical Psychology
A
focuses on maladaptive behavior and problematic thoughts
5
Q
Wilhelm Wundt
A
founder of psychology and first psychology lab
6
Q
Kurt Lewin
A
founder of social psychology
7
Q
What happened after Wundt?
A
Psychoanalysts and behaviorists debated on the nature of human behavior
8
Q
Psychoanalysts
A
behavior is a result of unconscious drives
9
Q
Behaviorists
A
behavior is a result of external forces
10
Q
Lewin’s Equation
A
B= f(P.E)
11
Q
5 Perspectives of Social Psychology
A
(CCEEN) Cognitive, Cultural, Existential, Evolutionary, Neuroscience
12
Q
Social Cognition
A
how a person understands their own social world
13
Q
4 Assumptions of Social Psych
A
- behavior is a joint product between person and situation
- depends on socially constructed view of reality
- influenced by our own social cognition
- best way to understand social behavior= scientific method
14
Q
Scientific Method
A
Systematic way of creating knowledge by observing, forming a hypothesis, testing a hypothesis, and interpreting the results
15
Q
Science
A
Approach that involves the description, explanation, prediction, and control of some phenomenon of interest
16
Q
Theory
A
explanation on how and why something happens
17
Q
Hypothesis
A
testable statement that explains how two variables are related
18
Q
Construct
A
An explanatory variable that is abstract and unobservable
19
Q
Extraneous Variable
A
Any variable other than the IV that might influence the DV
20
Q
Control
A
Any variable we hold constant or eliminate because we think it may impact the DV
21
Q
Independent Variable (IV)
A
variable we manipulate (Aka “Predictor” or “antecedent”)
22
Q
Dependent Variable (DV)
A
variable influenced by the IV (Aka “Outcome” or “criteria” or “consequences”)
23
Q
Population
A
entire body of people that is being studied
24
Q
Sample
A
portion of the population that we collect data from
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Internal Validity
the extent to which we can say “A causes B.”
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External Validity
extent to which our results can be generalized to other situations (locations, groups of people, etc.)
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Causal Inference
one variable caused another to happen, or that variation in one variable caused variation in another
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Covariation
variables change together in a consistent way
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Temporal Precedence
cause comes before effect
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Lack of alternative explanations
hardest to demonstrate
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Experimental Control
eliminating possible confounding variables that might alter the results of an experiment
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Statistical Control
Using statistical techniques to control for the influence of possible confounding variables
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Operational Definition
defining variables by measurable factors
34
Research Design
allows you to do scientific research on areas of interest
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Quantitative methods
Rely on tests, rating scales, questionnaires, and physiological measures
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Qualitative Methods
Rely on observations, interviews, case studies, and analysis of diaries or written documents
37
Nonexperimental Design
No IV/predictor is manipulated,
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Correlation
relationship between two variables
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Correlation Coefficient
assesses linear relationship between two variables (-1 - +1)
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Positive Correlation
Both variables change in the same way
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Negative Correlation
Both variables change in the opposite way
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Stereotype Threat
Concern that one might do something to confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group
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Study by Pinel et. al., 2005
survey measuring GPA and stigma consciousness in black and Latino students
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"True" Experimental Design
- Researchers manipulate IV, measure DV
- Random assignment
- Control for extraneous variables
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Main Effect
one variable is directly related to another
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Mediation
comes between two variables and causes one to influence the other
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Moderation
changes the relationship between two variables
48
Meta- Analysis
combining and analyzing results from many studies to draw a general conclusion
49
Statistical Artifacts
Characteristics of a particular study that distort the observed results
50
Quasi- Experimental Design
No random assignment, harder to demonstrate causality
51
Self Concept
personal summary of who we think we are
52
Social Comparison Theory
| Upward/ Downward Comparisons
people partly know themselves by comparing themselves to others
53
Self Serving Bias
Tendency to perceive oneself favorably
54
Better-than-average effect
tendency to view your abilities and self as better than others
55
Dunning-Kruger Effect
poor performers are unaware of how bad they are
56
Social Identity Theory
defining yourself in terms of the groups you identify with
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Self Perception Theory
inferring about your own attributes based on observing your behavior and the situation in which it occurs
58
Self Schema Theory
schemas summarize and organize our beliefs
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Schema
Cognitive memory structure for organizing the world
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Self-schema
Set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about things that we feel define us
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Self- Serving Attributional Bias
taking credit when things go good and blaming external factors when things go bad
62
Self Discrepancy Theory
- Actual Self: who we see ourselves as right now
- Ideal Self: who we want to be in the future
- Ought Self: who we think others want us to be
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Self Discrepancy
a mismatch that occurs between our "selves"
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Self Regulation
guiding one’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior to reach desired goals
65
Self Awareness Theory
(Duval and Wicklund 1972) aspects of self will most likely influence your behavior
66
Self-regulatory Preservation Theory of Depression
Persistent focus on an unattainable goal can result in depression
67
Affective Forecasting
predicting what one’s emotional reactions to potential future events will be
68
Impact Bias
Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events
69
Delayed Gratification
resisting an immediate reward to receive a later reward
70
Ironic Processing
the more we try not to think about something, the more those thoughts enter our mind and distract us
71
Monitor
on the lookout for signs of unwanted thoughts (unconscious)
72
Operator
on the lookout for signs of unwanted thoughts (conscious)
73
Rebound Effect
after trying to suppress a thought, it becomes more accessible
74
Self-Handicapping
Placing obstacles in the way of one’s own success to protect one’s self-esteem
75
Projection
assigning traits to others that we don't want for ourselves
76
Self Esteem
level of positive feelings about yourself
77
Self-Efficacy
how capable a person thinks they are at completing a task
78
Dramaturgical Perspective
people act according to a script (cynical vs. sincere performance)
79
Self-Presentation
helps us to "save face", DePaulo et. al says 3/4 lies are to save face
80
Self Promotion
advertising achievements to seem competent
81
Ingratiation
using favors and flattery to be liked
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Exemplification
going above and beyond to be seen as hard working
83
Intimidation
projecting power to appear dangerous
84
Supplication
presenting weakness to receive compassion
85
Self Monitoring
Individual difference in peoples’ desire and ability to adjust their self-presentations for different audiences
86
Spotlight Effect
belief that others are more focused on us than they really are
87
Illusion of Transparency
tendency to overestimate another’s ability to know our internal thoughts and feelings
88
Self Determination Theory
People function their best when they feel their actions stem from their own desires rather than external forces
89
What makes people feel self-determined?
Relatedness, Autonomy, Competency
90
Expectancy-value Theory
Effort = value (expectancy)
Value: desirability of a goal
Expectancy: how likely it is that a goal can be attained
91
SMART Goals
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time- Based
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Flow
The feeling of being completely absorbed in an activity
93
Mindfulness
State of being and acting fully in the moment
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Locus of Control
extent to which a person believes that either internal or external factors determine life outcomes
95
Social Cognition
How people combine intuition and logic to process social information
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Goals of Social Cognition
- Be accurate
- reach closure quickly
- confirm what we already believe
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System 1 Info. Processing
automatic, fast, intuition based implicit
| "thinking with your gut"
98
System 2 Info. Processing
conscious, explicit, slow, controlled
| "thinking with your head"
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Dual Processing Theory
how system 1 and 2 interact
100
Cognitive Load Shifting
dual systems interact by shifting back and forth between intuition and logic
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Cognitive Load
how much info we can take up at once
102
Heuristics
Mental shortcuts, or rules of thumb, that are used for making judgments and decisions
103
Availability Heuristic
Tendency to overestimate the frequency or importance of something based on how easily it comes to mind
104
Representativeness Heuristic
to presume that someone belongs to a particular group based on how they look
105
Adjustment Heuristic
Tendency to rely too heavily on an initial piece of information offered when making decisions
106
Categories
mental containers used to group similar objects
107
Impression
schema about others
108
Stereotype
schema about categories of people
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Script
schemas that tell us how to act in different social situations
110
Where do schemas come from?
Media, our culture, our experiences
111
Accessibility
How easy it is to bring a thought in your mind
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Salience
Aspect of a schema that is active in one’s mind
113
Associative Networks
Models for how pieces of information are linked together and stored in memory
114
Priming
exposure to an environmental stimulus increases the salience of a schema
115
Higgins et al.
Stroop Test (say the color that is spelled, not shown)
116
Confirmation Bias
tendency to view information in ways that confirm our existing beliefs
117
Hindsight Bias
past events were more predictable than they actually were ( knew it all along)
118
Causal Attribution
The explanation that people use for what caused a particular event or behavior
119
Fundamental Attribution Error
tendency for observers to underestimate external (situational) influences and overestimate internal (dispositional) influences on others’ behavior
120
Situational Attribution
Attributing behavior to the environment
121
Dispositional Attribution
Attributing behavior to the person’s disposition or traits
122
Ross, Amabile, and Steinmetz (1977)
Investigated whether knowledge of assigned social roles in a quiz show would affect participants’ judgments of people’s expertise
123
Actor-Observer effect
tendency to make internal (dispositional) attributions for the behavior of others and external (situational) attributions for our own behavior
