Exam 1

Question 1

1.) What is the difference between a totipotent stem cell and a pluripotent stem cell?

Answer 1

Totipotent stem cells have the potential to become any kind of embryonic or extra-embryonic (placental) cell.

Pluripotent can become any type of embryonic but not extra-embryonic cell.

Question 2

2.) What is gastrulation?

Answer 2

The process through which the 3 primary germ layers are formed.
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

Question 3

3.) What is neurulation?

Answer 3

The process by which it folds and closes to form the neural tube

Question 4

4.) What becomes of the neural crest cells?

Answer 4

They breakaways and become the peripheral (PNS) and enteric nervous systems, smooth muscle, cranial facial cartilage and bone.

Question 5

5.) What are the 3 primary brain vesicles?

Answer 5

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

Question 6

6.) What do the dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord each contain?

Answer 6

The dorsal horn contains afferent sensory neurons

The ventral horn contains efferent motor neurons

Question 7

7.) What is apoptosis?

Answer 7

programmed cell death, when a cell does not receive trophic support or is inavtive

Question 8

1.) Name 3 anatomical planes and be sure you know what they refer to.

Answer 8

Sagittal Plane: Down the middle creating left and right
Coronal Plane: Down the middle creating front and back
Transverse Plane: Through the stomach upper and lower parts

Question 9

2.) Name 5 sets of anatomical directions and be sure you know what they refer to.

Answer 9

Anterior (Front, ventral) - Posteior (Back, dorsal)
Superior(upper half) - Inferior (lower half )
Medial (going inner) - lateral (going outward)
rostral - caudal
proximal (up) - distal (down)

Question 10

3.) What are the 3 primary and 5 secondary brain vesicles?

Answer 10

3 primary: 
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
5 secondary brain vesicles: 
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

Question 11

4.) What are the 4 lobes of the brain, and what does each one do (generally)?

Answer 11

• Frontal Lobe: mediate higher order cognivtive processes, promblem slolvin, decision making, primary motor cortex
• Parietal Lobe : primary somatosensory cortex, visual and auditory infput to generate spatial maps
• Temporal lobe: primary auditory cortex, proces both auditory and visual input, mediating language, object/ face recongnition/ memory
• occipital lobe: primary visual cortex and process distance, depth and color, face reco and memory

Question 12

5.) What kind of deficits might be observed with damage to each of the 4 lobes?

Answer 12

• Frontal lobe: loss in inhibition and personality changes
• Parietal lobe: a variety of neglect syndromes
• Temporal lobe: hearning loss or prosopagnosia
• Occipital lobe: vision loss or hallucinations

Question 13

6.) What is one major function of the limbic system?

Answer 13

emotion

Question 14

8.) What are the components of the basal ganglia?

Answer 14

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon

Question 15

9.) What is one major function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 15

Movement

Question 16

1.) What are the telencephalic components of the basal ganglia?

Answer 16

Caudate
putamen
globud pallidus

Question 17

2.) What is one major function of the basal ganglia?

Answer 17

Movement

Question 18

3.) What are the 4 structures the diencephalon gives rise to?

Answer 18

Thalamus
Subthalamus
Hyopthalamus
Eipthalamus