Exam 3 Flashcards
(63 cards)
4 major symptoms of Parkinson’s
- Tremor: in hands, arms, legs, head, and jaw
- Stiffness: of the limbs, trunk
- Bradykinesia: slowed movement/ Brady: slow kinesia: motion/movement
- Impaired balance and coordination
Parkinson’s non-motor deficits:
- Impaired sleep
- Fatigue
- Depression
- Memory difficulties
5 stages of progression in Parkinson’s:
1: tremor and movement symptoms on one side of the body, changes in facial expression, posture, and walking.
2- symptoms worsen and affect both sides of the body
3- slowness of movement, loss of balance, frequent falling
4- walker required, help with daily activities required
5- wheelchair, bedridden, hallucinations, delusions, nurse required
What typically causes death in Parkinson’s
Pneumonia or infection from falling or in the lungs
Risk factors in Parkinson’s
Genetics: 5-10% causes are early-onset <50 years old
Age: typically in older age but could happen at a young age
Sex: affects 50% more men than women.
Exposure to toxins
Parkinson’s: Parts of the basal ganglia
- The striatum: caudate and the putamen
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Substantia nigra: release dopamine. Where the dopaminergic neurons are degenerating. Not producing or releasing dopamine causing a shortage.
- Globus pallidus interior/ exterior
Direct pathway
Central cortex, striatum , globus pallidus internal, thalamus
Indirect pathway
Central cortex, striatum, Globus pallidus external, subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus internal, thalamus
Braak’s hypothesis in Parkinson’s
- hyposmia- loss of smell
- Sleep disorder
- Constipation
How L-dops, MAO/COMT, dopamine agonists work
- L-dopa: converts into dopamine
- MAO/COMT: prevents the breakdown of dopamine
- Dopamine agonists: substitute for dopamine.
Explain what multiple, sclerosis and autoimmune refer to
- multiple: affects various regions of optic nerve, brain, spinal cord
- sclerosis: hardening or scarring from damaged myelin
- autoimmune: antibodies produced against healthy tissues=inflammation
Multiple sclerosis symptoms:
- Double vision, partial or complete blindness
- Dizziness
- slurred speech
- numbness or tingling in limbs
- weakness or fatigue
- tremor, spasms, stiffness, or paralysis
- lack of coordination balance
- bladder and bowel dysfunction
- depression, memory/concentration loss
Multiple sclerosis: 4 patterns of progression
-Clinical- isolated syndrome: single episode > 24 hours, 50% have lesions found on MRI and likely progress to RRMS
-relapsing-remitting (RRMS): 85%, new or increasing symptom attacks with partial or complete recovery
-Secondary-progressive(SPMS): steady progression/ worsening after 20+ years of RRMS
-Primary-progressive (PPMS): 10-15% steady
progression/worsening from symptom onset, shows up later in life (40’s-50’S), equal numbers of men and women.
Multiple sclerosis risk factors:
- Regions of temperate climate
- Northern European descent
- More women than men
- Onset usually mid-20s
- Family history
- Other autoimmune diseases( type 1diabetes, thyroid disease, IBD)
- Epstein-Barr virus (mono)
- smokers
What is myelin, which cells make it ?
Produced by oligodendrocytes and is made up of glial cells
What is tolerance in relation to the thymus
Healthy tissue
Role of T-cells, B-cells
- T-cells: secret cytokines to signal other cells
- B-cells: secrete antibodies against antigen
Apoptosis:
The death of cells, normal
APC’s:
- Antigen-presenting cells
- dendritic cells
Self-antigens:
Antigen that comes from yourself, can be a healthy tissues protein that is supposed tO be there but us causing an immune response, causing the T-cells to react to the wrong thing
BBB
Blood-Brain barrier: t-cells can re-enter the bloodstream and eventually gain access to the CNA
Blood Cerebrospinal fluid barrier
BCSFB
Plaques, where they can occur in CNS? (3 general areas)
- Optic nerve
- Brain
- Spinal cord
How Ocrevus work?
Immunoglobulin/antibody medication against B cells. Block them from releasing antibodies attacking against yourself antigen
