Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Which answer(s) are true?
a) Both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells contain DNA.
b) Only eukaryotic cells have their DNA enclosed within a nuclear envelope.
c) Only eukaryotic cells use mitochondria to make ATP.
A
All of them
2
Q
True of false?
Protists are considered to be eukaryotic
A
True
3
Q
True or false?
Bacteria and Archaea have the same wall structure as one another
A
False
4
Q
True or false?
Bacteria and Archaea have the same cytoplasmic membrane structure as one another
A
False
5
Q
True or false?
By comparing the ribosomal RNA sequences of bacteria to that of archaea, biologists have decided that bacteria and archaea are basically the same thing.
A
False
6
Q
True or false?
Archaea and Bacteria are more closely related to one another than Archaea and Eukaryotes.
A
False
7
Q
Explain what were the possible roles of alphaproteobacterium and Asgard archea in the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
A
The Asgard archaea absorbed the alphaproteobacterium, where they lived together harmoniously. The Asgard archaea shared it’s nutrients, and the alphaproteobacterium began to produce a more efficient form of energy for the archaea.. ATP! Eventually the alphaproteobacterium became an organelle within the Asgard archaea.
8
Q
True or false?
Ribosomes in today’s eukaryotic cells are more similar to the ribosomes of archaea .
A
True
9
Q
True or false?
Mitochondria in today’s eukaryotic cells are more similar to bacteria .
A
True
10
Q
When you type out a scientific name, it should be _____.
When you hand write a scientific name, it should be _____.
A
italicized, underlined
11
Q
Genus name should _____ capitalized, and the species name should _____ capitalized.
A
be, not be.
12
Q
Cocci describes _____ _____ shaped bacteria, while Coccus describes _____ _____ shaped bacteria.
Bacillus describes _____ _____ shaped bacteria, while bacilli describes _____ _____ shaped bacteria.
A
Plural circular, singular circular
singular rod, plural rod.
13
Q
Strepto refers to what configuration of bacteria?
Staphylo refers to what configuration of bacteria?
A
chain like, connected/ crowded but in no particular arrangement.
14
Q
The rainbow shape bacterium is referred to as _____, and the spiraled bacterium is referred to as _____.
A
Vibrio, spirillum.
15
Q
Which of the following structures are found in ALL (or nearly all with a few exceptions) prokaryotic cells? (5)
A
cytoplasm, cell wall, chromosomal DNA, cytoplasmic membrane, and ribosomes.
16
Q
Where are proteins produced in a cell?
A
Ribosomes
17
Q
The _______________ immediately surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell.
A
Cytoplasmic membrane
18
Q
(a) Describe two types of active transport that can occur across bacterial membranes.
(b) Consider the two types of active transport you described - how are they similar to each other?
(c) Consider again the two types of active transport you described - how are they different from one another?
A
A) One type uses a protein-motive force, meaning that the cell will use up energy to create a protein gradient, and when a proton diffuses back into (or out of) the cell, the molecule that needs to pass through will hitch a ride. Another type uses ATP-binding cassette. This type has a solute-binding protein that will attach to a molecule and allow that molecule to pass through a pore protein by using a phosphate (donated from ATP), changing the pore protein’s shape.
B) They are similar in a sense that the molecule must pass through a pore protein in the membrane, and they both require energy to do so. They also require some sort of transport or assistance.
C) They are different in a sense that one uses diffusion, while the other must change the shape of the pore protein to be able to pass through.
19
Q
___________ can perform PEP group translocation.
A
Bacteria
20
Q
___________ have ATP synthase in their cytoplasmic membrane.
A
Bacteria and Archaea
21
Q
Sterols are found in the cytoplasmic membrane of _____, while hopanoids are found in the cytoplasmic membrane of _____.
A
eukaryotes, bacteria.
22
Q
____________ have membrane lipids where the head regions are attached to the tail regions via an ether link.
A
Archaea only
23
Q
NAM NAG peptide chains (peptidoglycans) are found in __________.
A
Bacterial cell walls
24
Q
NAG NAG sugars (pseudopeptidoglycan) are found in __________.
A
Archaea cell walls
25
Glucose sugars are found in __________.
Plant cell walls
26
True or False?
The cytoplasmic membrane of a gram negative and gram positive consist of phospholipids only.
The head of a phospholipid is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic.
True, True
27
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a toxin that makes up the _____ membrane of a gram negative, and it consists of a head called _____, and a structures called _____ that exist within the opposite end of the tail. The LPS can help bring _____ into the cell.
outer, Lipid A, O-polysaccharide, magnesium.
28
Describe the difference between the peptidoglycans in a gram positive vs. a gram negative:
The peptidoglycan layer is much thicker in a gram positive, and the space surrounding this layer in a gram negative is also referred to as the periplasmic space.
29
What is the function of an o-polysaccharide?
What is the function of techoic acid, and how does our immune system recognize them?
To transport magnesium into a cell
To help bind to magnesium ions and bring them into the cell; foreign.
30
True or false?
| Porins and Lipoproteins are found in the inner membranes of gram negatives.
False; Outer
31
What is the function of a lipoprotein?
To attach the outer membrane of a gram negative to the peptidoglycans.
32
Which of the following is/are true about bacterial plasmid DNA?
a) Plasmid DNA is smaller than chromosomal DNA.
b) All bacterial cells have plasmid DNA.
c) Plasmid DNA contains genes that aren't needed for survival, but may come in useful in some situations.
a) Plasmid DNA is smaller than chromosomal DNA.
| c) Plasmid DNA contains genes that aren't needed for survival, but may come in useful in some situations.
33
From inside the membrane to the outside of the membrane, the flagellum consists of three parts _____, _____, and the _____.
Surrounding the first answer from above is the _____, which helps to move the bacterial cell by:
The basal body (in membrane), the hook, and the filament.
Motor proteins, protons diffusing through it.
34
How does the flagellum move in Archaea and Eukaryotes?
ATP hydrolysis
35
True or false:
Eukaryotes have flagella that move side-to-side like a whip. Bacteria have flagella that turn like a pinwheel or corkscrew .
True
36
Today's bacterial flagella are thought to have evolved from a structure that _______________________________.
was a short structure that was responsible for secreting stuff to the outside of the cell.
37
Two pieces of evidence that support the idea from part a are that ______________________________________.
1- proteins pass through the basal body and then the hook, and they are put together to produce the filament. The basal body secretes proteins that create this flagellum.
2- There are bacteria today that have short structures and secrete proteins, and these structures are nearly identical to flagella basal body.
38
Name the three types of Pili based on their definition:
1) _____ allows bacterial cells to stick to surfaces
2) _____ functions like a grappling hook; allows bacteria to move across solid surfaces; allows bacteria to gain entry into larger cells.
3) _____ allows one bacterial cell to attach to another bacterial cell so that they can be closer; allows for genes to be transferred.
Fimbrae, Type IV Pili, Sex Pili
39
True or false?
| "Twitching motility" describes the type of motility performed by bacteria with a certain type of pilus .
True
40
Bacterial capsules can... (choose all the correct answers and only the correct answers)
1) allow bacteria to stick to things (i.e. surfaces or other bacteria)
2) allow bacterial cells to move across solid surfaces
3) allow bacteria to move through liquid environments
4) protect bacteria against parts of our immune system
allow bacteria to stick to things (i.e. surfaces or other bacteria)
protect bacteria against parts of our immune system
41
Bacterial capsules can be made of... (choose all the correct answers and only the correct answers)
1) lipids
2) sugars
3) proteins
Sugars and proteins
42
Arrange the words below working from the outside to the inside of a bacterial cell:
Cell wall, capsule, cytoplasmic membrane
capsule, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane
43
What is biofilm?
the build up of bacteria or protists. They stick together and stick to things.
44
How does sucrose increase the likelihood of bacteria growing on your teeth that cause cavities?
Streptococcus mutans (for example) uses sugar to make capsules which produce biofilm that sticks together as well as to teeth. They produce an acid as a biproduct which eats through a tooth to cause a cavity.
45
True or False?
All bacteria have the ability to produce endospores, which are produced when a bacterial cell finds itself in a rough environment .
False; only some bacteria
46
True or false?
Suppose that a bacterial cell produces an endospore. Normally, the endospore would have identical genetic information to the bacterial cell that produced it.
True
47
What is it about the structure of endospores that make them different from "normal" bacterial cells?
It is metabolically inactive and dehydrated, molecules attach to it's DNA to stabilize it, and It has a lot of protein layers to protect it as well.
48
A bacterial spore germinates when it:
Senses that the environment is no longer harsh
49
To stay alive, cells (including prokaryotic cells) need access to:
molecules containing carbon atoms, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, iron, magnesium, molecule containing high energy electrons, molecule that has a pull for electrons
50
Suppose that a cell uses Molecule X as its source of electrons. After extracting the high energy electron(s) from Molecule X, the remaining parts of Molecule X:
may be released from the cell as waste products, and may be further metabolized by the cell for energy or building blocks.
51
Molecule containing high energy electrons and molecule that has a pull for electrons used for:
Making ATP
52
Nitrogen, sulfer, phosphorous, iron, and magnesium used for:
used as building blocks for making cell parts, as well as cofactors for enzymes
53
Molecules containing carbon atoms are NEEDED as:
the building blocks to make cell parts.
54
Carbon atoms are needed by cells because they are used to:
make lipids, make proteins, and make DNA
55
Reactions that involve putting smaller molecules together to produce a larger molecule are called _____ reactions .
Reactions that involve breaking down a large molecule to produce smaller molecules are called _____ reactions .
anabolic, catabolic
56
List two things that can be produced by catabolic reactions that can then be used in anabolic reactions:
Catabolic rxns can produce ATP to provide energy to other cells, or it can produce carbon atoms that can be used to build cell parts.
57
For a molecule to be considered organic, it must contain:
at least one carbon atom AND at least one hydrogen atom
58
A cell that uses organic molecules as its source of e-:
Chemoorganotroph
59
A cell that uses inorgamic molecules as it's source of e-:
Chemolithotroph
60
A cell that uses an inorganic molecule (specifically O2) as its final e- acceptor:
Aerobic respirator
61
Cell that uses an inorganic molecule (other than O2) as its final e- acceptor:
Anaerobic respirator
62
A cell that uses an organic molecule as its final e- acceptor:
Fermenting cell
63
Cell that uses CO2 as its source of carbon atoms
Autotroph
64
Cell that uses an organic molecule as its source of carbon atoms
heterotroph
65
Generally, glucose can be a valuable molecule to cells because glucose...select all the correct answers.
a) is a very good final electron acceptor.
b) can be broken down to form carbon-containing molecules that can be used to build cell parts.
c) contains high energy electrons that can be used to make ATP.
b) can be broken down to form carbon-containing molecules that can be used to build cell parts.
c) contains high energy electrons that can be used to make ATP.
66
ATP is produced during _____ and _____.
Glycolysis (2 ATP), Citric Acid Cycle (1 ATP)
67
NAD+ is directly required during _____ in which it picks up an e- and produces ____.
Glycolysis, NADH.
68
NADH is produces during:
Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle
69
CO2 is produced during:
The pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle.
70
Where is NADPH produces?
the pentose phosphate pathway
71
Before pyruvate can enter the _____ to produce more ATP and NADH, it must first be converted to a molecule called _____, which contains _____ carbon atoms.
citric acid cycle, acetyl CoA, 2
72
Consider cells that use an organic molecule as its electron source, and oxygen as its final electron acceptor. What is the function of NAD+ in these cells?
The function of NAD+ is to accept an e- and become NADH. NADH is important because it delivers e- to the electron transport chain where it enters the citric acid cycle and leads to the production of ATP, CO2, FADH, and more NADH.
73
Consider the 5-carbon molecule that's produced at the end of the pentose phosphate pathway (see Figure M-1 from the question above). This 5-carbon molecule can be...select all the correct answers and only the correct answers.
a) used to make a molecule that enters glycolysis.
b) directly converted to ATP
c) used to make nucleotides
d) used as a final electron acceptor by aerobic respirators
e) directly enter the citric acid cycle
a) used to make a molecule that enters glycolysis.
| c) used to make nucleotides
74
If this represents metabolism of a chemoorganotroph that performs aerobic respiration, it means that _____ is the electron source. The final electron acceptor is _____ , which accepts electrons at the _____ of the electron transport chain .
glucose, O2, end
75
Cellulose and starch can be used as electron- and carbon sources by first being broken down to release _____.
Proteins can be used as electron- and carbon sources by releasing amino acids, which can then be converted into a molecule that enters _____.
Lipids can be used as electron- and carbon sources because their fatty acid tails can can be converted to _____.
broken down, glycolysis, acetyl CoA
76
True or false?
Consider the intermediate molecules produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Also consider the molecule produced at the end of the pentose phosphate pathway. These molecules may be used in anabolic reactions to make things like nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins.
True
77
Acetyl CoA can be useful to chemoorganotrophs that perform aerobic respiration because it can:
be used to make fatty acids, and enter the citric acid cycle where ATP and NADH are made
78
The alpha-ketogluterate that's produced during the citric acid cycle can be used to make the amino acid _____.
glutamate
79
One of the only structural differences between alpha-ketogluterate and the amino acid glutamate is that glutamate contains an NH2 group, whereas alpha-ketogluterate contains a _____.
C double-bonded to an O
80
It is possible for cells to convert the amino acid glutamate to other amino acids?
yes
81
The ETCs of aerobic bacterium are almost identical. In the Pseudomonas species, describe the 7 parts of the ETC from left to right.
Complex I, Complex II, CoQ, Complex III, CytC, Complex IV, and ATP synthase.
82
What molecule brings electrons to the ETC?
NADH and FADH2
83
In the electron transport chain of bacteria like Pseudomonas, ________ is also called cytochrome oxidase.
Complex IV
84
True or false?
The electron transport chains of both E. coli and Pseudomonas are similar in that they both use oxygen as a final electron acceptor.
True
85
The electron transport chains (ETC) of E. coli and Pseudomonas are different in that...select all the correct answers.
a) the ETC of E. coli does not contain cytochrome C
b) the ETC of E. coli does not contain Complex II
c) the ETC of E. coli does not contain Complex III
d) the ETC of E. coli does not contain Complex IV
e) the Complex IV in E. coli is not called cytochrome oxidase
a) the ETC of E. coli does not contain cytochrome C
c) the ETC of E. coli does not contain Complex III
e) the Complex IV in E. coli is not called cytochrome oxidase
86
True or False?
Consider the electron transport chains of bacteria that perform aerobic respiration. The Complex I's found in these electron transport chains are all identical to one another.
False; In E. coli, for example, the Complex I's can be different depending on the strain. Some Complex I's pump protons through the cytoplasmic membrane while other Complex I's do not.
87
True or False?
Consider again the electron transport chains of bacteria that perform aerobic respiration. The Complex IV's found in these electron transport chains are all identical to one another.
False; In E. Coli, for example, different Complex IV's can exist within the same strain bacteria, and the differences occur due to the surrounding conditions. If they are in an environment with a low O2 concentration, than the Complex IV's will have a stronger affinity for O2, whereas if they are in an environment with a high concentration of O2, than the Complex IV's will have a weaker affinity for O2.
88
Describe two ways that the electron transport chain of anaerobic respirators differ from the electron transport chain of aerobic respirators:
Anaerobic respirators have a different Complex IV so that they can attract inorganic molecules, not O2. They must also use a diffusable e- acceptor, not Co Q, that is compatible with the anaerobic Complex IV.
89
Consider a cell that uses Fe2+ as its electron source and NO3- as its final electron acceptor. Based on that, you can tell that this cell would be considered:
an anaerobic respirator and a chemolithotroph
90
Consider the 2 cells below:
Cell #1 uses glucose as an electron source and O2 as a final electron acceptor.
Cell #2 uses Fe2+ as an electron source and NO3- a a final electron acceptor.
Based on that, you can tell that Cell #___ produces more ATP per electron acceptor.
1
91
Chemoorganotrophic aerobic respirators that use O2 as a final e- acceptor generate more ATP than chemolithotrophic anaerobic respirators due to:
..the larger difference in electronegativities between the e- source and its donor.
92
(a) Chemoorganotrophic aerobes _____ use NAD+/NADH to carry electrons to the electron transport chain because NAD+ has a _____ pull for electrons compared to the electron sources used by these cells .
(b) Chemolithotrophic anaerobes _____ use NAD+/NADH to carry electrons to the electron transport chain because NAD+ has a _____ pull for electrons compared to the electron sources used by these cells .
can, stronger, may not, weaker
93
Instead of using NAD+ to carry electrons to the electron transport chain, chemolithotrophic anaerobic respirators may use _____ because it has a _____ pull for electrons compared to the molecules typically used as electron sources by these cells
Cytochromes or CoQ, stronger
94
True or false?
The electron transport chain of aerobic respirators is identical to that of anaerobic respirators.
False;
95
Fermenting cells make ATP by using:
Glycolysis
96
NAD+ is important to cells because it...select all the correct answers
a) can act as the final electron acceptor
b) is needed for one of the steps in glycolysis
c) can be converted to pyruvate
b) is needed for one of the steps in glycolysis
97
Fermenting cells make NAD+ by:
using an organic molecule like pyruvate (or a molecule derived from pyruvate) to take electrons from NADH
98
_____ fermentation involves using pyruvate as the molecule that takes electrons from NADH
Lactic Acid
99
_____ fermentation involves converting pyruvate to a 2 carbon molecule, then using that molecule to take electrons from NADH
Ethanol
100
_____ fermentation involves using 2 pyruvate molecules to make a 4 carbon molecule, then using that molecule to take electrons from NADH
Butanediol
101
_____ fermentation involves using a derivative of pyruvate to take electrons from NADH, then converting the resulting molecules into acids.
Mixed acid
102
In the type of photosynthesis performed by plant cells, _____ provides the electrons that become energized by sunlight.
In the type of photosynthesis performed by plant cells, _____ is released as a major gaseous byproduct. This molecule is released as a result of the breaking down of the molecule that's used as an electron _____ during plant photosynthesis.
In the type of photosynthesis performed by plant cells, the ATP that's produced provides power to the
_____ where glucose is eventually produced.
water, O2, source, Calvin Cycle (CAC)
103
True or false?
Consider all bacterial species that can perform photosynthesis. The photosynthesis they perform uses all the same components/molecules all the photosynthesis performed by plant cells.
False
104
True or False?
Consider the photosynthetic bacteria called Cyanobacteria. The type of photosynthesis performed by these bacteria are identical to the type performed by plant cells.
True
105
The type of photosynthesis performed by purple bacteria _____ using sunlight to generate high energy electrons.
In the type of photosynthesis performed by purple bacteria, some molecule besides _____ provides the electrons that become energized by sunlight.
In the type of photosynthesis performed by purple bacteria, some molecule other than _____ is released as a major gaseous byproduct. This molecule is released as a result of the breaking down of the molecule that's used as an electron _____ during photosynthesis in purple bacteria.
In the type of photosynthesis performed by purple bacteria, the ATP that's produced provides power to the _____ where glucose is eventually produced.
Purple bacteria use _____ pigment molecules to absorb sunlight as compared to Cyanobacteria.
involves,
glucose or water,
oxygen, source,
Calvin Cycle
different
106
The type of photosynthesis performed by green bacteria _____ using sunlight to generate high energy electrons.
In the type of photosynthesis performed by green bacteria, some molecule other than _____ provides the electrons that become energized by sunlight.
In the type of photosynthesis performed by green bacteria, some molecule other than _____ is released as a major gaseous byproduct. This molecule is released as a result of the breaking down of the molecule that's used as an electron _____ during photosynthesis in green bacteria.
In the type of photosynthesis performed by green bacteria, the ATP that's produced provides power to the _____ where glucose is eventually produced.
Green bacteria use _____ pigment molecules to absorb sunlight as compared to Cyanobacteria.
involves,
glucose or water,
oxygen, source,
reverse citric acid cycle,
different
107
All cells need nitrogen atoms because they are needed to build:
nucleotides and amino acids
108
Which of the statements below are true?
Some prokaryotic cells can use nitrogen-containing compounds as a source of electrons to make ATP. This is true .
Some prokaryotic cells can use nitrogen-containing compounds as final electron acceptor to make ATP. This is true .
Both statements are true
109
Which of these nitrogen-containing compounds can be used by certain cells in biosynthesis to produce amino acids? Select any/all correct answers
a) Amino acids
b) N2
c) NH3+
d) NO2-
e) NO3-
a) Amino acids
c) NH3+
e) NO3-
110
Which of these nitrogen-containing compounds can be used by certain cells as an electron source to make ATP? Select any/all correct answers
a) N2
b) NH3+
c) NO2-
d) NO3-
b) NH3+
| c) NO2-
111
Which of these nitrogen-containing compounds can be used by certain cells as a final electron acceptor to make ATP? Select any/all correct answers
a) N2
b) NH3+
c) NO2-
d) NO3-
c) NO2-
| d) NO3-
112
True or false?
Some cells can convert N2 to NH3+.
True
113
Which types of cells can convert N2 to NH3+?
Bacteria and Archaea
114
The Nitrogen Cycle starts with N2, followed by _____, _____, _____, and ends with _____ in order.
NH3+, NH4+, NO2-, NO3-
115
The following questions ask about terms that relate to the nitrogen cycle:
(a) Nitrification is the conversion of _____ to _____ .
(b) Denitrification is the conversion of _____ to _____.
(c) Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of _____ to _____.
(d) Ammonification is the production of _____ from _____.
a) NH3+ to NO3-
b) NO3- to N2
c) N2 to NH3+
d) NH3+ from Amino acids
116
_____ can survive only in environments that contain oxygen; uses only oxygen as a final e- acceptor to make ATP
Obligate Aerobe
117
_____ can survive only in environments that have no oxygen; uses some molecule other than oxygen as a final e- acceptor to make ATP.
Obligate Anaerobe
118
_____ can live in environments with or without oxygen; Can switch between using different types of molecules as a final electron acceptor.
Facultative
119
_____ can survive in environments that contain oxygen, but does not use oxygen as a final e- acceptor.
Aerotolerant
120
_____ can survive only in environments that contain a relatively low concentration of oxygen; uses oxygen as a final e- acceptor to make ATP
Microaerophile
