Mini Exam

Question 1

What is the difference between innate immune defenses and adaptive immune defenses?

Answer 1

Components of innate defense do not become better suited to fight off pathogens the longer they are exposed to these pathogens, nor do they produce memory cells. Components of adaptive defenses do.

Question 2

Give 3 examples of cells/structures that are a part of the body’s innate defenses:

Answer 2

Skin, mucous membranes, and neutrophil cells

Question 3

What two cells are a part of the adaptive immune defenses?

Answer 3

T-cells and B-cells

Question 4

What are two components of innate immunity that are considered first line defenders?

Answer 4

Skin, mucous membranes

Question 5

What are three examples of mucous membranes?

Answer 5

respiratory tract, GI tract, and genitourinary tract

Question 6

What are two components of innate immunity found in the blood?

Answer 6

innate immune cells (ex. neutrophils) and compliment proteins

Question 7

What are three ways that the skin and mucous membranes protect against pathogens?

Answer 7

1. Both are physical barriers; the cells are tightly attached making it difficult for pathogens to pass through
2. Both house normal flora that compete against pathogens for space and nutrients
3. They produce antimicrobial substances

Question 8

What antimicrobial substances are produced by the skin and mucous membranes?

Answer 8

Lysozyme enzyme, peroxidase enzyme, and lactoferrin

Question 9

Where is lysozyme found and what does it do?

Answer 9

Tears, saliva, and phagocytes; it breaks down the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria

Question 10

Where is peroxidase found and what does it do?

Answer 10

saliva, milk, and phagocytes; it converts H202 to O2 radicals, which are toxic to cells

Question 11

Where is lactoferrin found and what does it do?

Answer 11

saliva, milk, and phagocytes; it binds free floating iron, which prevents bacteria from using iron which they need to grow and divide

Question 12

describe and antimicrobial activity that can be performed by mucous membranes and not the skin

Answer 12

in certain instances, mucous membranes can expel microbes from the body because they contain cilia

Question 13

what causes inflammation to occur?

Answer 13

components of the blood, especially WBC, rush to an infected/ wounded area. WBC work to clear the area of pathogens

Question 14

Consider cells that are a part of the blood/ lymph that are a part of the innate immune response. list three things that these cells can do to fight off pathogens

Answer 14

some innate immune cells can perform phagocytosis, some can induce inflammation, and some can induce fever

Question 15

How can innate immune cells tell the difference between a foreign cell and our own cells?

Answer 15

immune cells have pattern recognition receptors that are shaped to bind to bacteria only

Question 16

Where are pattern recognition receptors found in regards to a cell?

Answer 16

in the cytoplasm and outside of the cell in the cytoplasmic membrane

Question 17

Describe three functions of a complement protein:

Answer 17

They can coat the surface of bacteria to make the bacteria more likely to be phagocytized, bind to certain white blood cells to release a histamine and cause inflammation, and directly attack the membrane of bacteria.

Question 18

What organ produces compliment proteins?

Answer 18

The liver

Question 19

What is the compliment system?

Answer 19

the entire collection of compliment proteins in the body

Question 20

List three general categories of cells found in blood:

Answer 20

red blood cells, white blood cells, and megakaryocytes

Question 21

What is another name for a red blood cell and what is their function?

Answer 21

Erythrocytes; carry oxygen

Question 22

What is another name for a white blood cell and what is their fuction?

Answer 22

leukocytes; battle infections

Question 23

What is the function of a megakaryocyte?

Answer 23

They give rise to platelets which are involved in clotting

Question 24

List four types of white blood cell:

Answer 24

macrophages, dendritic cells, granulocytes, and lymphocytes

Question 25

Macrophages are an example of an immune cell that has left the blood so that they can fight infections in the _____.

Answer 25

Tissues

Question 26

What are two things that macrophages can do to fight off infections?

Answer 26

They can phagocytize foreign particles, and they can be ativated by other leukocytes to release substances that kill cells.

Question 27

List three types of lymphocytes:

Answer 27

T-cell, B-cell, and natural killer cells

Question 28

Name the three types of granulocytes:

Answer 28

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinaphils

Question 29

What is the function of a neutrophil?

Answer 29

to phagocytize foreign particles and release antimicrobial substances

Question 30

What is the function of a basophil?

Answer 30

to induce inflammation by releasing a histamine

Question 31

What is the function of an eosinophil?

Answer 31

To release antimicrobial substances that are especially effective at killing parasitic worms. They also play a role in reducing inflammation.

Question 32

What is another term for neutrophil?

Answer 32

polymorphonuclear cell

Question 33

How are basophils and mast cells similar?

Answer 33

They both contain histamines that induce inflammation

Question 34

How are basophils and mast cells different?

Answer 34

Basophils are found circulating in the blood, and mast cells are found in the body's tissues

Question 35

Macrophages and granulocytes are components of the _____ immune defenses, while lymphocytes and dendritic cells are components of _____ immune defenses.

Answer 35

Innate, adaptive

Question 36

Toll like receptors (TLR), nod like receptors (NLR), and RIG like receptors are all types of _____.

Answer 36

Pattern recognition receptors

Question 37

Where are toll like receptors found?

Answer 37

On the surface of macrophages, B-cells, dendritic cells, and other cell surfaces too.

Question 38

What do toll like receptors bind to?

Answer 38

molecules typically found on bacterial cells, but not our own cells; lipo-polysaccharides, teichoic acid, lipoprotein, and flagellin.

Question 39

Where are NOD-like receptors found?

Answer 39

inside the cytoplasm of macrophages

Question 40

When a macrophages NOD like receptor is bound, it causes the macrophage to release _____ that cause _____.

Answer 40

cytokines, inflammation

Question 41

Where are RIG receptors found?

Answer 41

in the cytoplasm of the body's cells

Question 42

What do RIG receptors bind to?

Answer 42

molecules typically found in viruses but not human cells

Question 43

What are cytokines?

Answer 43

signaling molecules that are released by and recognized by leukocytes.

Question 44

What signaling molecule do leukocytes use to communicate with each other?

Answer 44

cytokines

Question 45

List the five different classes of cytokines:

Answer 45

chemokines, colony-stimulating factor, interferons, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukins

Question 46

What is the function of a chemokine?

Answer 46

they cause chemotaxis (attraction) of white blood cells

Question 47

what is the function of a colony-stimulating factor?

Answer 47

they cause white blood cells to replicate and differentiate.

Question 48

What is the function of interferons?

Answer 48

They activate cells to have anti-viral activity

Question 49

What is the function of a tumor necrosis factor?

Answer 49

it induces programmed cell death

Question 50

What is the function of interleukins?

Answer 50

They have a wide variety of functions, including induction of fever, and activation of leukocytes.

Question 51

what is a lysosome?

Answer 51

an organelle found in phagocytes (and other cell types) that contain digestive enzymes that the phagocyte will use to kill the bacteria it ingests

Question 52

What three receptors are found on the surface of phagocytes that play a role in helping the phagocyte bind to a bacterial cell?

Answer 52

Toll like receptors, compliment proteins, and Fc receptors.

Question 53

list three things that could cause chemotaxis of phagocytes:

Answer 53

parts of bacterial cells, cytokines release by white blood cells, and compliment proteins.

Question 54

What is an opsonin?

Answer 54

a protein made by our own cells that coats the surface of foreign molecules, therefore increasing the likelihood that the foreign molecules will be phagocytized.

Question 55

What are two examples of opsonins?

Answer 55

compliment proteins and antibodies

Question 56

What is opsonization?

Answer 56

the process where compliment proteins or antibodies coat the surface of foreign molecules making them more likely to be phagocytized.

Question 57

what is a phagosome?

Answer 57

a foreign particle that has been ingested by a phagocyte and is enclosed in its own membrane.

Question 58

What is a phagolysosome?

Answer 58

it forms when the phagosome fuses together with the phagocyte's lysosome

Question 59

after a phagosome forms, the inside becomes more _____ due to the phagocyte pumping _____ into it. This is _____ to any bacteria.

Answer 59

acidic, protons, toxic

Question 60

Enzymes in the phagosome produce ROS, or _____, which is toxic to bacteria

Answer 60

reactive oxygen species

Question 61

why is it dangerous to a bacterial cell if the lysosome fuses together with a phagosome?

Answer 61

the lysosome contains hydrolytic enzymes that could kill the bacteria in the phagosome.

Question 62

List the three ways that phagocytized bacteria are killed:

Answer 62

acidic environment, hydrolitic enzymes, and enzymes that produce reactive oxygen species

Question 63

what happens after a phagocytized bacterium has been digested/ killed?

Answer 63

most of the molecules are expelled from the cell, however, bits remain to be presented in the membrane of the cell.

Question 64

What are two examples of innate cells that can perform phagocytosis?

Answer 64

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 65

after digesting a bacterial cell, what do macrophages do that neutrophils do not?

Answer 65

all fragments are expelled from a neutrophil, but macrophils keep some fragments behind to load onto the MHC I proteins and present them on the outside of the macrophage.

Question 66

What two things trigger inflammation?

Answer 66

infection and tissue damage

Question 67

What is pus?

Answer 67

dead neutrophils

Question 68

How does fever fight an infection?

Answer 68

it takes pathogens out of the temperature for optimal growth range, and the increased body temperature increases the activity of enzymes used by many leukocytes to help fight infection

Question 69

What is a pyrogen?

Answer 69

a substance that induces fever

Question 70

What is the difference between an exogenous and endogenous pyrogen?

Answer 70

exogenous pyrogens are made by foreign cells, and endogenous pyrogens are made by our own cells

Question 71

Pyrogens cause fever when they interact with the ______ part of the brain.

Answer 71

The hypothalamus

Question 72

What role due neutrophils play in inflammation?

Answer 72

Once they are drawn to the infected/ damaged area, they can release antimicrobial substances or perform phagocytosis.

Question 73

What role do macrophages have in inflammation?

Answer 73

They release chemokines that cause leukocytes to leave the blood vessels and move towards the infected/ damaged area.

Question 74

What role do mast cells have in inflammation?

Answer 74

They release histamine, causing the cells that line nearby blood vessels to space apart and form an exit for leukocytes and compliment proteins to leave the blood vessels and rush towards the infected area.