Exam 1

Question 1

Communication

Answer 1

Exchange of information and ideas, needs, and desires between 2 or more individuals

Question 2

Speech

Answer 2

Verbal means of communication that requires very precise neuromuscular coordination

Question 3

Language

Answer 3

Socially shared code or system that requires ideas or concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rules

Question 4

Paralinguistic

Answer 4

Intonation, stress or emphasis, speech rate

Question 5

Non linguistic

Answer 5

Gestures, body posture, head and body movement, eye contact, and facial expression

Question 6

Expressive language

Answer 6

Language produced

Speaking

Question 7

Receptive language

Answer 7

Language understood

Comprehending

Question 8

Phonology

Answer 8

Aspect of language concerned with the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of “speech sounds” and their combinations
-m vs b in mat vs bat

Question 9

What is the smallest linguistic unit of speech that can signal a difference in meaning?

Answer 9

Phoneme

Question 10

Morphology

Answer 10

Study of the internal organization of words

-one puppy vs two puppies

Question 11

Free morpheme

Answer 11

Independent and can stand alone to function as words

-nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Question 12

Bound morphemes

Answer 12

Cannot stand alone and are always in conjunction with free or other bound morphemes
-prefixes and suffixes

Question 13

What is the smallest grammatical unit?

Answer 13

Morpheme

Question 14

Syntax

Answer 14

Set of rules or principles that govern the structure of sentences when given language, specifically word order
-Mary kissed the boy vs John was kissed by Mary

Question 15

Semantics

Answer 15

Rules of ‘meaning’ that words and sentences convey

-“push car”(action- object) or “mommy eat”(agent- action)

Question 16

Lexicon

Answer 16

Mental dictionary that word knowledge forms (words)

Question 17

Pragmatics

Answer 17

Rules that govern the use of language in social context

-greeting, asking questions

Question 18

Form

Answer 18

The structure of language

-syntax, morphology, phonology

Question 19

Content

Answer 19

The meaning of language

-semantics

Question 20

Use

Answer 20

The purpose of language in social context

-pragmatics

Question 21

Nature

Answer 21

Language development occurs because it is natural and inherent part of being human
-Generative, behaviorism

Question 22

Nurture

Answer 22

Language development occurs because of nurturant and learning from the environment/ experience

Question 23

Generative/ Nativist approach

Answer 23

• Children are able to acquire language because they are born with innate knowledge(universal grammar)
• innate rules present at birth in the language acquisition device(LAD)
• minimal environmental language expose to prime LAD

Question 24

Behaviorism/ Empiricist Theory

Answer 24

Learning occurs when an environmental stimulus triggers a response or behavior

• imitation, reinforcement, and successive approximations towards adult language behaviors
• environment is CRITICAL

Question 25

Cognitive theory

Answer 25

Language emerges as product of cognitive development - capacity to perform higher mental processes associated with learning and problem solving - cognitive achievements are fundamental to linguistic development

Question 26

Cognitive development (piagent)

Answer 26

- Sensormotor: children from birth to 2 years learn through trial and error - preoperational: children develop language, memory, and intuitive intelligence through making believe play between 3 and 7 - concrete operational: logical thinking and concrete referencing develops from 7-11 - formal operational: adolescence and adults attain lifelong intellect through hypothetical and abstract thinking

Question 27

Social interaction approach

Answer 27

Communicative interaction plays a central role in children’s acquisition of language - parent- child communication routines - child is contributing member in learning process

Question 28

Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

Answer 28

Area between zone of competence and zone of incompetence - at the point where children can perform tasks with some assistance - key to maximize child’s learning

Question 29

Heschl’s Area

Answer 29

Primary auditory area | -60% of auditory info corpses over to opposite hemisphere while 40% stays on the same side

Question 30

Language comprehension

Answer 30

- consists of auditory processing and language decoding - Hechl’s area sends linguistic info to Wernick’s area in left hemisphere - paralinguistic info to the right hemisphere

Question 31

Language production

Answer 31

- Message is organized in Wernick’s area and then the message is transmitted to Broca’s area - Broca’s prepares and coordinates motor program for verbalizing the message - signals go to motor cortex where it activates the muscles for speech

Question 32

Broca’s Aphasia

Answer 32

Difficulty in speech production

Question 33

Wernick’s Aphasia

Answer 33

Difficulty in comprehension and lexical/ semantic processing

Question 34

Neuron Growth

Answer 34

Neurons in brain are developed be the end of the second trimester - brain overproduced neurons so half are pruned back - 100 billion neurons must fire synapses(synaptogenesis) for networking to begin - early experiences are critical for most activation

Question 35

Sensation

Answer 35

Ability to register sensory information | -touch is first sense to develop in utero

Question 36

Speech Perception | Werner and Tees study on native and non native

Answer 36

3 months: babies discriminate diff prosodic patterns 1-4 months: differentiate every speech sound contrast used in both native and non native languages - loose ability to perceive non native sound contrasts by 8-10 months of age 6 months: significant correlations exist and later word understanding, production, and phrase understanding -8-10 months: learn patterns of prosody and phonotactic organization of native language

Question 37

Phonotactics

Answer 37

Rules for allowable combinations of phonemes | -strata or rtsata

Question 38

Babbling sounds related to the constant vowel co occurrence patterns

Answer 38

/ba/ or /mama/: labial consonants with central vowels /dae/ or /dada/: coronal consonants with front vowels /gu/ or /cookoo/: dorsal consonants with back vowels

Question 39

Critical period hypothesis

Answer 39

- determined time period during which development must take place if it is to take place at all - 18 months- early puberty - some say closed by 5 years and others say early puberty

Question 40

Gestures

Answer 40

- use of gestures is an indicator of later language learning | - pointing, arms waving, arms up

Question 41

Intentional reading

Answer 41

Ability to understand or interpret other people’s communicative intentions

Question 42

Joint attention

Answer 42

- Shared focus of two individuals on an object - communicative pointing, gaze following - predicts later language development

Question 43

Imitation

Answer 43

- Motor imitation and vocal imitation - important skill to both promote attention to others and language development - increase in language and joint attention

Question 44

Symbolic play

Answer 44

Developing ability to use actions, objects, or ideas to represent other actions, objects, or ideas - 18 months: uses one object to represent others and engage in one or two actions of present play - pretend and language are forms of symbolic functioning

Question 45

Infant direct speech

Answer 45

Characterized by short utterance length, simple syntax, and use of a small core vocab - mother’s use paralinguistic variations, such as intonation, timing, pause, and higher pitch - 6 months: mothers use more informational style and talk more about environment and the babies behaviors

Question 46

Gaze

Answer 46

Caregivers modify gaze pattern, eye contact with infant for more than 30 sec - during play, gaze may occur 70% with vocalization - learns to follow point - infant’s gaze establish joint reference