Exam 1 Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
basic research
A
attempt to understand the fundamental principles that govern behavior and mind
- academic
- usually with healthy people
- understand how/why
- NOT solve anything
2
Q
applied psych
A
solving practical problems by changing behavior or altering environment, trying to solve something
- reseach
- practice
3
Q
Applied reseach
A
- done to discover more effective way to solve specific problem
4
Q
Applied practice
A
actual application of the techniques to problems
5
Q
transitional research
A
effort to translate basic findings into practical solutions, basic research –> applied solutions
6
Q
Applied psych
A
broken down according to problem trying to solve, could be research/practice/both
7
Q
clinical psych
A
identify, prevent, and relieve distress/dysfunction that has psych origin, type of applied
- psychiatrist
- counseling psychologist
8
Q
daulism
A
- philosophical position that the mind and body are separate
- Rene Descartes
9
Q
tabula rasa
A
blank slate, everything you are you learned, you are born with no knowledge
- aristotle and plato
10
Q
empiricism
A
knowledge arises directly from what we observe and experience
- john locke
11
Q
structuralism
A
breaking down immediate conscious experience into sensations and feelings (introspection), how things work
- wilhelm wundt and titchener
12
Q
functionalism
A
must first understand function of behavior/mental process to understand how it works together, physical traits include psych processes, inspired by darwin
- william james
13
Q
gestalt
A
whole is greater than some of its parts, need to see the big picture
- wolfgang kohler
- kurt koffka
14
Q
psychoanalysis
A
form of psychotherapy, seeks to help clients learn unconscious thought/behavior/motives
- sigmund freud
15
Q
behaviorism
A
observable behavior should be the only topic of study, ignore conscious
- John B Watson
- Skinner
16
Q
cognitive revolution
A
increase interest in mind, shift from behaviorism, skepticism in behaviorism
- Noam Chomsky
17
Q
abnormal psych
A
explain how/why unusual patterns develop by examining thoughts/emotions/bio
- depression after trauma
18
Q
behavioral genetics psych
A
explain individual differences in behavior patterns through genetics
- gene markers of autism
19
Q
cognitive psych
A
broad, how people process info, attention/perception/memory/problem solving/language/thought
- eye –> image
20
Q
comparative psych
A
study of behavior of non-human animals to compare to humans ( test on mice)
21
Q
developmental psych
A
way people develop across lifespan
22
Q
behavioral neuroscience
A
understand how specific areas of brain/activities produce behavior, processing face linked to brain area
23
Q
Personality psych
A
individual differences, how/why people act different based on character/traits (extroversion)
24
Q
social psych
A
how thoughts/actions influenced by social environment (how/why ads work)
25
consumer behavior
understand decisions
- r = investigate ad effectiveness
- p= design labels to increase interest
26
educational psych
learning outcomes, increase learning outcomes
- r = test online to increase understanding
- p = design textbook to increase learning
27
forensic and legal
in legal system
- r = investigate accuracy of witness
- p = testify that defendant is good to stand trial
28
human factors
design products that increase usefulness
- r = study what burner used more
- p = design product with audience in mind
29
health psych
increase health with psych application
- r = understand effects of stress
- p = develop campaign to decrease stress at work
30
industrial/organizational psych
help increase performance
- r = determine what stress causes leave
- p = help increase management training
31
political psych
understanding psych role in policy
- r = how demographics vote
- p = use r to decide where to campaign
32
school psych
students' experience, use psych to increase academics
- r= how to prevent absences
- p = meet with parents to manage angry children
33
boulder model
scientist and practitioner, bother researcher in clinician/practice, usually PhD
34
veil model
scholar and practitioner, emphasis on clinical training/practice, PSYD
35
Steps of theory/data cycle
- revision, scientific method, as you gain more data you object the theory
- theory --> research Q --> research design --> hypothesis --> support or revision
36
Good theory
- supported by data
- consistent with itself and other theories
- falsifiable
37
Publication/peer review process
- very rigorous
- rarely accepted first try
- journal --> editor --> 2-5 expert of field
- takes 2 months - 2 years
- make sure information if quality and correct
38
How science journalism can get story wrong
- research -> research institution of university/university PR-> PR gets in touch with news-> internet -> cable news-> local new -> public
- lots of steps
39
why research is better than other sources
- based on research rather than experience
- experience in confounded
- research is probabilistic
- experience has no comparison group
40
How intuition is biased
- being swayed by a good story
- persuaded by what easily comes to mind
- failure to think about what we cannot see
- focusing on evidence we like (confirmation bias)
- being biased about being biased
41
Research article parts
- abstract
- intro
- methods
- results
- discussion
- references
42
Types of peer reviewed articles
- empirical
| - review
43
Empirical PR
report the method and results for NEW research studies
| - have research article parts
44
Review PR
summarizes all of the studies done in field to form a conclusion, qualitative
- meta analysis = effects size/magnitude quantitative, takes round numbers and looks at effects, combines all data from studies again
45
Why scientists not objective in designing experiments
because each person has there own individual values and beliefs about how the world should be
- these determine what we do and how we do it
46
descriptive experimental design
nonexperimental, describe and predict behavior and mental processes
47
quasi-experimental
use already created group/sometimes can't randomly sign/groups are not randomly assigned
48
experimental designs
only study that can determine causal relationship between variables
49
variables
any event/behavior that varies, must have at least two possible values
50
independent variable
what are manipulated, aka factors
51
dependent variable
what is measured
52
levels of IV
all values of independent variable being tested (treatments/conditions)
53
operational definitions
how exactly we measure dependent variables, decide beforehand what count as trait
54
Key aspects of experiment
- manipulation
- randomization
- control
55
Manipulation
- treatment groups
- simplest experiment has two group
1. experimental
2. control
-
56
Randomization
how we decide groups, population -> random selection -> sample -> random assign -> either experimental or control group
57
control
want to control confounding variables so they don't affect dependent variable
- specific for each experiment
58
control group
not manipulated
59
experimental/treatment group
independent variable is manipulated
60
Placebos
substance/treatment given to control group that should have no effect
- help see real effect of treatment
61
extraneous/confounding variables
other variables not IV that could affect results
62
random selection
taken from population, creates sample group
63
random assignment
taken from sample, try to create roughly equal groups, distribute variable evenly, done using chance procedures, everyone has an equal chance to participate
64
types of descriptive studies
- naturalistic observation
- case study
- survey
- correlation study
65
naturalistic observation
look at environment to observe behaviors
- strength: realistic setting
- W =only describe, not private/rare events, absorb observer bias, poor control
66
case study
intensive examination of a specific person/situation
- S = very detailed, rare/private for normal
- W = may not be representative, can't determine causation
67
Survey
questionnaires or interviews given to many people
- S = lots of data, fast, inexpensive
- W = question wording, response bias/social desirability bias, sampling errors/biased, convenience
68
correlation study
relationship between 2+ variables and determine strength of relationship
- S = contest predictions, evaluate theories, and suggest new hypothesis, useful and cannot manipulate variables
- W = correlation is not causation
69
Correlations
- positive (increase one increase the other)
- negative (increase one decrease other)
- 0 (no predicted value)
70
R values
correlation coefficient
- sign = direction of relationship
- number = strength of relationship
- between negative one and positive one
71
third variables in correlations
other variable that influences
72
reverse causation
can go either way, both effect each other
73
reciprocal causation
can affect environment and be affected by environment
74
reliability
get same results when measure same seeing the same way
75
viability
the degree that test accurately measures, accuracy
- internal
- external
76
internal viability
how only the independent variable influences dependent variable, trust that IV caused the DV to change, experiments not confounded
77
external viability
generalizability of results, consistent in real world
78
descriptive stats
mean, median mode (central tendancy)
| - variability (range, STDEV, variance)
79
mean
average, skewed by outliers, used most
80
median/central tendency
middle point
- total/2
- one number represents score set
81
range
subtract lowest from highest
82
STDEV
how much spread there is between points and average
| - how close measures are to average
83
variance
STDEV ^2
84
inferential stats
make judgement with data
| - stats makes 5% bet that is is wrong/chance, rare
85
5% rule/p-value
if it's 0.05 it is statistically different
86
5 principles of ethics
```
A = beneficence and nonmaleficence
B = fidelity and responsibility
C = integrity
D = justice
E = respect for people's rights and dignity
```
87
informed consent
participants given information about the risks and benefits or the research so they can decide whether to participate in an informed manner
88
deception
true nature not revealed until after it's over, millgram, can be used to a point but needs debriefing
89
debriefing
post experimental process of revealing all aspects/nature
90
Major study in history that breached ethical standards
tuskegee syphilis study, participants were not treated respectfully, participants were harmed by not being told penicillin was a treatment, the participants were a targeted disadvantaged social group
91
Replication crisis
1/2 - 3/4 of studies are hard to replicate
- 50-75% studies are not repeated
- big problem and caused distrust in the field
92
Replication
repetition of findings previously presented or published
- exact/direct
- conceptual
93
Exact/direct replication
scientist tries to replicate using exactly the same as original
94
Conceptual replication
provide support for theory/hypothesis but not exactly the same process/measure
95
reasons for non-replication in psych
- fabricated/falsified data
- sample size
- culturally and generationally specific
- poor replication quality
96
How to fix replication crisis
- replicate and share results
| - study -> replicate 1 -> publish and dissemination 1 -> publish and dissemination 2 -> publish and dissemination 3
97
open science
- open data
- open source
- open access
- open methodology
- open peer review
- open education resources
98
File drawer problem
most studies show positive effect, studies that show neg/no results do not get published, bias that studies that show effect get published
99
Structure of nuron
- dendrites = receive
- soma = cell body
- nucleus = center of soma, DNA/nucleic acid
- axon = length depends on purpose
- ap
- synapse
- myelin sheath = insulator, increase speed and efficiency
- nodes of ranvier = increase speed, break in myelin, regenerate ap
100
Functional class of neurons
- motor = CNS -> PNS
- sensory = PNS -> CNS
- interneuron
101
Structural class of neurons
- multi polar neuron
- bipolar neuron
- unipolar
102
Multipolar neuron
- most common
- can carry sensory and motor info
- can cause muscles to contraction
- 1 axon with multiple different dendrites
103
Bipolar neurons
- rare
- found with sensory perception in the eye and ear
- in retina
- 1 axon and 1 dendrite
- close to surface
- pass in one direction
104
unipolar neurons
- one action
- small section of dendrites
- most of body sensory neurons
- 1 process from cell body
- whole thing considered axon
105
Resting membrane potential
- -70mV
- more negative inside cell
- three sodium ions leave the cell and 2 potassium ions enter
106
Neurons are polarized
at resting state, -70, more negative inside cell
107
How ions separated
by phospholipid bilayer, there is more potassium inside the cell and more chloride and sodium outside
108
What pressures act on ions
- diffusion
| - electrostatic pressure
109
Gated channels
normally closed
- open in response to specific stimuli
- ligand gated
- voltage gated
110
ligand gated channels
closed at rest, has binding site, opens when ligand binds with receptor
111
voltage gated channels
opens when electrical potential across membrane is altered
112
metabolictropic receptors
- receptor types that take longer to kick in but lasts longer
- work by activating G protein/second messengers
- either alter the opening of G protein gated ion channel for stimulating affecter enzyme they either synthesizes or breaks down a second messenger
113
ionotropic receptors
different types allow different flow, ligand gated, faster but don't last as long
114
how ap initiated
- neurons receive chemical messages from dendrites and bind to ligand gated channels -> change in charge
- if charge is strong enough it produces an ap
- neuron must become more positive to reach threshold
- sodium enters cell
115
Spatial summation
NT linger, charge builds up, see repeated messages
116
temporal summation
enough positive charge to create negative -55mV -> fire
117
hyperpolarization
more IPSP then EPSP
| - decreases membrane potential further away from threshold charges further apart
118
depolarization
increases membrane potential toward neutrality and approach threshold
- more EPSP than IPSP
119
threshold of excitation
- 55mV
| - potassium leaves cell by diffusion
120
ions/channels involved in ap generation
- sodium channels and potassium channels
| - potassium, chloride, sodium, animo
121
refractory period
sodium ions channels close
- neuron cannot fire right away
- happens because neuron is too negative and has to reach resting potential
122
myelin
insulate the axon and speed up process
123
nodes of ranvier
where ap regenerates with ion channels
124
saltatory conduction
when the ap skips the nodes of ranvier to next nodes of ranvier
125
parts of synapse
- vesicle = store/carry NT
- synaptic gap = space in between dendrite and axon term
- receptor
- NT
- presynaptic terminal button
- post synaptic spine
126
Neuromuscular junction
synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell
127
steps of NT
1. synthesis = neurons produce chems for NT
2. storage/transport - neurons store NT in vesicles, some need to be transported down axon
3. ap
4. release = ap triggers release of NT into synaptic cleft
5. receptor binding = NT cross cleft and attach to receptor on postsynaptic
6. inactivation = reuptake, diffuse away, inactivated by enzymes
128
Classes of NT
- amino acids
- monoamines
- acetycholine
129
amino acids
```
glutamate = excitatory
GABA = inhibitory
```
130
monoamines
- dopamine (reward, movement)
- norepinephrine (hunger, alertness)
- serotonin (mood/sleep)
131
acetycholine
learning, memory, muscle contraction
132
Glutamate
increase CNS activity
- too much = epilepsy
- stim by hallucinogenics
133
GABA
decrease in CNS activity
- too little = epilepsy
- stim by alcohol
134
types of glial cells
- microglia
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes
135
microglia
brains immune cells, access figure sites, clean up neurons
136
astrocytes
provide nutrients, uptake of NT, regulate B flow and B brain barrier by wrapping around BV
137
oligodendrocytes
in CNS
| - Schwann in PNS
138
CNS
brain and sc
139
PNS
everything else
- somatic
- autonomic
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
140
Somatic
- voluntary
- motor and sensory neurons
- external environment information
- goal = voluntary motor control
141
autonomic
- involuntary
- internal organ/environment
- smooth/cardiac muscle
- organs/glands
a. sympathetic
b. parasympathetic
142
sympathetic
fight or flight
143
parasympathetic
rest and digest
144
gray matter
cell bodies, outside, soma with no myelin
145
white matter
myelinated axons
146
brain has __ cerebral hemispheres
2
147
commissures
- white matter tracks connecting hemispheres
| - allow communication between lateralized areas
148
corpus callosum
- largest commissures
| - bridge between hemispheres
149
forebrain
- evolutionarily
- newest
- voluntary
- process most comples
150
midbrain
- substantia nigra
| - VTA (motivation, reward, addiction)
151
hindbrain
- oldest
- mid + hind = brainstem
- perform primitive/life necessary functions
- priority when starving
152
4 lobes of brain
- frontal
- parietal
- occipital
- temporal
153
Frontal lobe
- motor
- executive functions
- personality, decision/plan/perform
154
parietal
- sensory info
| - integrate info from senses
155
occipital
visual
156
temporal
memory/emotion/auditory
157
prefrontal cortex
- control executive function
- high order mental processes
- control over some more primitive brain areas to guide behavior
- last to fully develop @ 20
- important in addiction
158
Limbic system regions
- amygdala
- hypothalamus
- hippocampus
159
amygdala
regulate emotion, fear
160
hypothalamus
control autonomic NS and endocrine system
161
hippocampus
learning, memory, emotions
162
Basal ganglia function
motor control, nigrostriatal dopamine pathwat
163
2 major dopaminergic pathways
- nigrostriatal = substantia nigra -> dop -> stiatum
| - VTA -> dop -> nucleus accumbens
164
Thalamus
process and relay stations, motor info, re-routes info
165
hypothalamus
controls autonomic NS and endocrine, controls basic drive, stress response
166
HPA axis
hypothalamus -> pituitary -> adrenal glands release cortisol and trigger stress response
167
raphe nuclei
make serotonin, mood and sleep
168
locus coeruleus
noradrenalin (norepinephrine)
169
hindbrain
- essential for life
- medulla
- pons
- cerebellum
170
medulla
- HR
- breathing
- can sense toxins
- BP
171
pons
- bulb
- control sleep/wakefulness
- reticular activating system
172
cerebellum
- little brain
- lots of cells
- motor control *fine
- coordination
- balance
- some cognitive
173
phrenology
structure of skull determines character and mental capacity
174
lateralization of brain
- L hem = language, receive info/controls R side of body
| - R hem = nonverbal info/visual recognition/emotion/perception, receives info/controls L side of body
175
Split brain
- corpus collosum cut
| - can see and say what if from R eye but not from L because info can't cross
176
fMRI
can see what area of the brain is most active, detects change in cerebral B flow, functional
177
PET
1. what area of brain have more NT receptor and transporters, injected with radioactively tagged mlc that binds
2. can measure brain activity, injected with FDG with radiolabeled
178
EEG
pick up electro activity from cortex/scalp, senses brain waves, picks up electrical potential, bad for spacial
179
3 levels of analysis in psych
- biological
- individual
- social
180
biological analysis
memory as brain structure (neuroanatomy)/neurochemical (NT)/gene (hereditory)
181
individual analysis
perception, cognition, behavior, individual differences
182
social analysis
cultural, interpersonal (groups relationship)
