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Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

morality

A

What is right and wrong
Relationships between people
Morality is comprised of values and duties and character traits

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2
Q

Values

A

Objects or things that a person holds dear

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3
Q

Duties

A

Actions that are imposed by others or self imposed

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4
Q

Moral character or virtue

A

Describes traits and disopositions or attitudes that are needed to foster human relationships.

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5
Q

3 Subgroups of morality

A

Personal morality, societal morality, group morality

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6
Q

Personal morality

A

Who you are as a person, your own traits and influenced by people you admire.

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7
Q

Societal morality

A

What does the society value? What are the traits of the society?
Look at ads or “American values”

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8
Q

Group morality

A

Pharmacy is a group

We might value altruism, equality, human dignity, etc.

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9
Q

Professional aesthetics

A

Practice in a manner that optimizes quality, beauty, balance, and safety.

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10
Q

Ethics

A

Systematic study of and reflection of morality.
What do human dignity and respect demand?
Ethicists analyze and resolve issues

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11
Q

Pharmacy Code of Ethics

A

A statement of group morality. They change throughout the years.

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12
Q

Difference between the moral and ethical thing to do

A

Moral thing to do- means that the traditions, customs, laws and other markers guide you in a certain way
Ethical thing to do- means after reflection and application of ethical theory, you act a certain way.

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13
Q

Ethical distress

A

You face a challenge about how to maintain your integrity- how to do what you know is right?
Type A- Barrier keeping you from doing what you know is right
Type B- Barrier of knowing something is wrong, but you are not sure what

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14
Q

Ethical dilemma

A

You face a challenge about the morally right thing to do- both options are morally right, but you cannot do both

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15
Q

Locus of authority problem

A

From an ethical point of view, who should be the moral agent.
The moral agent is responsible for the action

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16
Q

Components of an ethical problem

A

Moral agent, course of action, desired outcome

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17
Q

Forms of clinical reasoning

A

Scientific, narrative, pragmatic, interactive, conditional, ethical

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18
Q

Metaethics

A

What is source of truth? What is goodness?

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19
Q

Normative ethics

A

What ought to be? What is the best course of action?

Asks more concrete questions- what do you do, how do you express care?

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20
Q

6 approaches or theories for normative ethics

A

Story or case-driven approach, deontological theory, teleological theory, principle approach, virtue theory, ethics of care approach

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21
Q

Theory

A

The way we would always act

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22
Q

Narrative approach

A

Good moral judgement must rely on the analysis and understanding of narratives.
Emphasizes relationships

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23
Q

Postmodernism

A

Calls for respect for diversity- no one set of moral rules because of different cultures, ages, or other differences. .

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24
Q

Deontologic theory

A

You act rightly when you act according to duties and rights regardless of the consequences
Never use people to achieve goals or consequences
Must be consistent between cases
Really focuses on action

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25
Teleologic theories
Ultitarianism- actions should be judged right or wrong solely based on their consequences. In assessing consequences, the only thing that matters is the amount of happiness or unhappiness that is created. All persons happiness counts the same.
26
Principle approach
Guidelines to suggest appropriate action. Nonmaleficence- do no harm Autonomy- we respect patients to make their own decisions Fidelity- be faithful to pt. Veracity- tell them the truth Justice
27
Virtue theory
Incomplete because it focuses on the trait of a person and not on their actions a trait of characters manifested in habitual action. Many virtues have corresponding principle Caring is a virtue
28
Relationship of virtues and principles
Principle- corresponding virtues (autonomy, nonmaleficence, benevolence, justice) Virtues of concern, compassion, caring, sympathy, courage
29
Ethics of care approach
Goal of professional ethics is to arrive at a caring response and to carry it out
30
The 6 step process of ethical decision making
Step 1- Get the story straight (what else do you want to know? Step 2- Identify the type of ethical problem Step 3- Use ethical theories or approaches to analyze the problem Step 4- Explore the practical alternatives Step 5- Complete the action Step 6- Evaluate the process and outcome
31
Ethical problem- locus of authority
You see a problem but someone else is the decision maker
32
Ethical distress
You know its wrong but there is a barrier in the way keeping you from acting ethically
33
Ethical dilemma
Multiple right options
34
Self respect
Self esteem, self respect, and respect for others are intertwined. Self respect helps with an individual become a force in helping to assure human flourishing.
35
Duty to oneself/self care
We must have a strong commitment to ourselves if we are to be of high moral character. WE have the duty of self improvement.
36
Integrity
Act in alignment with who you think you are | Personal values may conflict with societal values and other peoples values
37
What challenges personal values?
"bad laws", policies and regulations
38
Isolation
Impedes ethical discourse | Harms relationships
39
Subordination
Shift ethical responsibility to doctors | Atrocity stores- lower status people telling colorful stories about higher status people
40
How to minimize moral compromise?
Integrity of the professions | Morally repugnant- individual reason to abstain from an act (abortion)
41
Conscientious Objection
Act of resistance to existing practices- ask to be an exception Some people will not work on religious holidays, touching of the dead, blood products, no Plan B, etc. Must be UNIFORM and not for specific groups. Must not jeapordize the patient.
42
Policies
Statements designed to establish formal and informal guidelines for practice within an organization
43
Business priorities
Established order of importance with respect to an organizational interest
44
T/F Industry spends more money on marketing than research
T
45
PhRMA Did what
made a code on interactions with healthcare
46
Department of health and human services OIG made what
Compliance program to ensure guidance for pharma manufacturers
47
ACCME did what
Ensure independence of CME activities
48
Examples of stakeholders
Employees, shareholders, collective bargaining groups, community, government agencies
49
Relationship of organization to stakeholders
Orgs need to meet the needs of stakeholders or it will fail as an org. Conflict of interest potentially when interests of various stakeholders differ
50
Right to participate
Principle of participation: everyone in an org has a basic moral right to be involved in appropriate ways. Respects employees autonomy
51
Business ethics
Addresses the conditions under which a profit can be ethically realized and the amount of profit that is acceptable for the type of service
52
Salgo vs Leland Standford
Legal case that gives us informed consent | MD violates duty by withholding information necessary for a patient to make a rational decision
53
Informed consent
Includes informed disclosure and consent (agreement). The patient must truly understand A vehicle for protecting a patients dignity in the health care environment. Consent should foster and engender trust between the health care professional and the person receiving the services
54
Battery
Offensive touching without consent- even if benign
55
Disclosure
Guarantees the legal right to know what will happen to the patient
56
Contract
A legal agreement on which both parties claim to understand their responsibilities and rights
57
Fiduciary Relationship
A person in whom another person has placed a special trust or confidence is required to watch out for the best interests of the other party
58
Informed consent ethical concepts
Governing ethical principle is the principle of autonomy. | Principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence is also relevant
59
Belmont Report
National commission for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research. Informed consent in research Ethical issues discussed- respect for persons, beneficence, and justice
60
Institutional review board
Monitors quality of informed consent in research. Protects human subjects
61
Barriers to understanding informed consent
Wording Life experiences contributing to anxiety Fear of results of tests or procedures Other confusion
62
Mental competence
Capacity- can the patient understand? (medical term) Competence- Health professional has the obligation to ascertain the level of a patients ability to grasp the situation (legal)
63
Four levels of competence
Ability to communicate choices Ability to understand relevant information based on choice Ability to appreciate the situation to ones own values Ability to weigh various values to arrive at a decision
64
Vulnerable populations
Students, prisoners | May be coerced into consent

Ethics (2 decks)

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