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A+P II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Neurons

A

The functional unit of the nervous system

Composed of: Dendrites, Cell body, Axons

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

Sensory information carried TORWARD cell body (afferent)

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3
Q

Cell body

A

Interprets information

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4
Q

Axons

A

Carries action potential AWAY from cell body (efferent)

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5
Q

Neuroglial Cells

A

Non-neuronal cells which maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons

CNS: Astrocytes (BBB), ependymal cells (CSF), oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath)
PNS: Neurolemmocytes- Schwann cells (myelin sheath) Satellite cells- Microglial cells (macrophage)

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6
Q

Myelin

A

Multi-layered lipid and protein covering around some axons
Fx- Insulation, salutatory conduction
Present on axons (White matter)
Not present on all cell bodies, dendrites, terminals, and neuroglia (gray matter)

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7
Q

Sensory

A 
To sense changes in the internal and external environments and send information to CNS
Dendrites
Afferent neurons (TOWARDS brain)
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8
Q

Integrative

A

Decides if a response is necessary based on incoming information
Cell bodies
Association neurons

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9
Q

Motor

A

Send an action potential (motor response) to the appropriate effector to produce the response
Axons
Efferent neurons (AWAY from the brain)

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10
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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11
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial nerves

Spinal nerves

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12
Q

Action Potential Stages

A
  1. Resting state
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
  4. Hyperpolarization
    * All or nothing response*
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13
Q

Resting State (salty banana)

A

Neuron is not being stimulated
More Na+ outside and more K+ inside
Membrane is polarized (more + outside)
-70 millivolts (intracellular)

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14
Q

Depolarization

A

Contraction
If stimuli increases membrane potential to -55 millivolts:
Sodium channels open in the membrane and sodium rushes into the cell thus increasing potential up to 30+ millivolts

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15
Q

Repolarization

A

“Reset”, relaxation
When membrane potential reaches 30+ millivolts:
Sodium channels close and Potassium channels open
(more + outside)
Potassium rushes out of the cell thus returning membrane potential to -70 millivolts

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16
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Membrane voltage temporarily decreases to -90 millivolts

Potassium channels remain open for a short period after -70 millivolts has been reached

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17
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

Is re-established when the sodium/potassium pump, pumps 3 sodium ions OUT of the cell and 2 potassium ions IN the cell
Approx. 40% of the ATP’s produced by the neuron is used to drive the pump

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18
Q

Refractory Periods

A

Absolute: During depolarization + repolarization the neuron can NOT respond to additional information

Relative: During hyperpolarization, neuron can respond if stimulus is large enough to drive potential up to -55 millivolts

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19
Q

Synapse

A

A junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron and its effector

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20
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

A

Drives post-synaptic membrane potential towards threshold (more positive)

  • Acetylcholine @ neuromuscular junction
  • Epinephrine/Norepinephrine during fight or flight
  • Dopamine
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21
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

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A

Drives post-synaptic membrane potential away from threshold (more negative)

  • Acetylcholine @ neurocardiac junction
  • Dopamine
  • GAMA
  • Glycine
22
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

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A

Responsible for learning, intelligence, behaviors, communication, memory, and recall

23
Q

Neocortex

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A

Controls skeletal muscle contraction, 5 senses

24
Q

Cerebellum

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A

Responsible for skeletal muscle coordination, controls muscle tone, and helps maintain equilibrium

25
Pituitary Gland
"Master gland" Produces hormones Anterior: TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH Posterior: ADH, Oxytocin
26
Hypothalamus
Contains 5 nuclei: hunger center, thirst center, body temp regulatory center, libido center, aggression center
27
Brain Stem (Medulla Oblongata)
1. Emetic Center 2. Cough Center 3. Pneumotaxic Center 4. Cardiac Inhibitory Center
28
Meninges
Pia Mater- Innermost layer, blood supply to brain and spinal cord Arachnoid- Contains CSF and cushions the brain Dura Mater- Outermost layer, protects brain and spinal cord from trauma
29
CNS
Astrocytes (BBB) Ependymal Cells (CSF) Oligodendrocytes (Myelin Sheath)
30
PNS
Neurolemmocytes- Schwann Cells (Myelin Sheath) | Satellite Cells- Microglial Cells (Macrophage)
31
Olfactory Nerve
1. Sensory Sends info to hunger center, libido center, neocortex, emetic center
32
Optic Nerve
2. Sensory Shares info with hunger center, emetic center, cerebellum, can cause blindness
33
Oculomotor Nerve
3. Motor Eye movement/pupil size
34
Trochlear Nerve
4. Motor Extrinsic eye muscles
35
Trigeminal Nerve
5. Mixed Sensory: mouth, teeth, gums Motor: muscles of mastication
36
Abducent Nerve
6. Motor Movement of eye muscles
37
Facial Nerve
7. Mixed Facial movement, salivation, tears, taste If lose --> Bells palsy
38
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
8. Sensory Balance and hearing
39
Glossopharyngeal Nerve
``` 9. Mixed Tongue movement, swallowing Motor: swallowing, salivation Sensory: taste ```
40
Vagus Nerve
10. Mixed Motor: larynx, abdominal/thoracic viscera Sensory: GI tract, resp. tract
41
Spinal Accessory Nerve
11. Motor Muscles of neck and shoulder
42
Hypoglossal Nerve
12. Motor Tongue muscles
43
Spinal Cord
Dorsal Root- Sensory (afferent) Ventral Root- Motor (efferent) White Matter --> Axons Gray Matter --> Nerve cell bodies
44
Sympathetic
"Fight or flight response" Arises from the nerves in the thoracic and lumbar region Main Effects: increased heart rate, dilation of the bronchioles, mydriasis, decreased GI tract motility and secretions, dilation of the blood vessels Drugs: Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine)
45
Parasympathetic
"Rest and restore" Arises from the brain and lumbar regions Helps modulate and control the sympathetic response Main Effects: Decreased heart rate, constrictions of the bronchioles, constrictions of the pupil, increased GI motility and secretions Drugs: Acetylcholine
46
TSH (anterior)
Thyroid stimulating hormone | Controls metabolism
47
ACTH (anterior)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone | Inflammation response
48
LH (anterior)
Luteinizing hormone | Reproduction, stimulates production of corpus luteum
49
FSH (anterior)
Follicle stimulating hormone | Stimulates productions of the ova in the ovary
50
ADH (posterior)
Anti-diuretic hormone | Allows you to inhibit production of urine
51
Oxytocin (posterior)
Stimulates uterine contraction + milk secretion

A+P II (4 decks)

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