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A+P II > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

What is the Adrenal Gland Contained of?

A

Endocrine gland only

  • Produces hormones
  • No ducts
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2
Q

What Three Hormones are Produced in the Endocrine Glands?

A
  • Epinephrine (medulla)
  • Hydrocortisone (cortex)
  • Aldosterone (cortex)
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3
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

Hyperadrenocorticism
Increase in cortisol
Symptoms: PU/PD, nocturia, weight gain, alopecia
Tx: Removal from steroids, remove adrenal gland

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4
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Hypoadrenocorticism
Decrease in aldosterone, hydrocortisone
Symptoms: Bradycardia (increased K+), hypoglycemia
Tx: Glucocorticoids- prednisolone

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5
Q

Gross Anatomy of Urinary Tract

A

Kidney

  • Perirenal fat: provides protection
  • Pelvis: collection of urine
  • Cortex: Filtration of the blood
  • Medulla: reabsorption of water + electrolytes
  • Hilus: where blood supply enters kidney

Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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6
Q

Microanatomy of Urinary Tract

A

Nephron

  • Glomerulus: filtration of blood
  • Juxtagolomerular apparatus: regulates prod. of RBCs
  • Bowman’s capsule: catches the filtration
  • Proximal convoluted tubule: filtration of electrolytes
  • Loop of henle: reabsorption of water + electrolytes
  • Distal convoluted tubule: reabsorption of water + electrolytes
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7
Q

Functions of the Kidney

A
  1. Filtration of Blood
    - Drugs, urea, BUN
  2. Reabsorption of H2O
    - Maintains blood volume, prevents hypotension
  3. Regulation of NaHCO3
    - Acid/Base Balance
  4. Regulation of electrolytes
  5. Regulation of erythrocyte production in bone marrow
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8
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Lack of ADH production
Symptoms: constantly producing urine (very little H2O reabsorption)
Tx: Desmopressin acetate (H2O binder)

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9
Q

Uremia (Azotemia)

A

Elevated urea in the blood
3 Types
-Pre-renal: decreased BP, decreased urine output, increased waste products in the blood
-Renal: can’t remove the urea, nephron damage, decreased amount of enzymes
-Post-renal: kidney eliminates waste but obstruction prevents elimination of waste

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10
Q

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the nephrons
-Chronic nephritis renal failure: fibrosis of the nephron –> renal atrophy (very common in geriatrics)
Symptoms: PU/PD, metabolic acidosis (tachycardia, tachypnea)
Tx: IV fluids to flush out waste, palliative care

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11
Q

Incontinence

A 
Can't control urination
Causes: 
-Neurologic: pressure on motor nerve causes loss of detrusser muscle
-Hormonal: decreased estrogen- post OHE
Tx: Phenylpropanolamine (Proin)
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12
Q

Lower Urinary Tract Infection (LUTI)

A

Bacteria growth in bladder
Causes: bacterial cystitis, uroliths, neoplasia (TCC)
Tx: antibiotics, change diet, sx

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13
Q

Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)

A

Type of epithelial tissue, benign cell

Tx: sx, Piroxicam (NSAID), Mitocantrone + Vinblastine (chemo drugs)

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14
Q

Gross Anatomy of Reproductive Tract

A

Ovaries: dev. of ova
Ovarian bursa: ova ruptures into FT
Fallopian tubes: transports to uterine horns
Uterine horns: where fetus is located
Uterine body
Cervix: only open during estrus + parturition
Vagina

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15
Q

Ovariohysterectomy

A

Spay
Express bladder before
Best before 1st estrous cycle
2 ligatures around ovarian artery and vein, 2 ligatures around uterine body

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16
Q

Reasons for OHE

A 
Prevent pregnancy
Prevent pyometra
Prevent breast cancer
Population control
Hemorrhaging during heat cycle
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17
Q

Tubule Ligation

A

Only tying off the fallopian tubes

Preventing ova from getting fertilized

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18
Q

How to Recognize Hemorrhage After Surgery

A 
Pale mm
Increased CRT
Low PCV (<25%)
Lethargic during recovery
Increased HR
Low BP
\+/- abdominocentesis
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19
Q

Cells of the Ovary

A
  • Germinal cell: only cell capable of meiosis
  • Granulosa cell: estrogen production (maturing ova)
  • Luteal cell: will migrate to the corpus hemorrhagica and develop the corpus luteum (CL), produces progesterone
  • Fibroblast: will stimulate production of scar tissue of follicle is not impregnated
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20
Q

Proestrus Stage 1

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A
  • Germinal cells undergo meiosis
  • FSH stimulates granulosa cells –> produce estrogen
  • Follicle’s output of estrogen increases causing physical changes
21
Q

Estrus Stage 2

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A

Heat period
Period of sexual receptivity
Estrogen levels peak
LH levels increase and FSH levels decrease
Ovulation typically occurs at end of estrus

22
Q

Metestrus Stage 3

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A
  • Occurs after ovulation
  • High LH levels stimulate the corpus hemorragica to produce luteal cells
  • Develops corpus luteum
  • Corpus luteum produces progesterone
  • Preg. tests measures levels of progesterone*
23
Q

Diestrus Stage 4

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A

Corpus luteum has reached it’s max size

  • If bred + preg. –> embryo signals CL to be retained into pregnancy
  • If not preg. –> CL will degenerate at end of diestrus
24
Q

Anestrus Stage 5

Study These Flashcards
A

Period of inactivity of the ovary

Corpus albicans is digested by fibroblasts (scar tissue develops)

25
Gestation Period for Dog/Cat
63 days
26
Gestation Period for Pig
114 days
27
Gestation Period for Sheep/Goat
149 days ~5 months
28
Gestation Periods for Cattle
283 days ~9.5 months
29
Gestation Periods for Horses
335 days ~11 months
30
Parturition Stages
1. Nesting: decrease temp. w/in 24 hours 2. Contractions of the abdomen: ends with expelling a fetus 3. Passing the placenta
31
Stage 2 of Parturition
Might be necessary to give: - Hormone: oxytocin - Electrolyte: Ca+ gluconate- slow infusion- ECG - Nutrient: glucose- dextrose strip
32
Dystocia
Difficult birth (3 hours w/o delivery) Causes: -Maternal: age, breed (brachy) , size of male, pelvic diameter -Fetal: size, malposition (breech), fetal defects Tx: -IV oxytocin (measure canal and fetal size first) -Episiotomy: local anesthetic between anus and roof of canal
33
Pyometra
Pus in the uterus (gram - bacteria in cervix) Open vs. Closed (ER sx) Symptoms: Lethargy, anorexia, V/D, PU/PD Tx: sx, hormone therapy
34
Pseudocyesis
False pregnancy Causes an increase in progesterone Corpus luteum did not regress Tx: Testosterone
35
Uterine Involution
Uterus squeezes out blood and fluids, shrivels up | Tx: rinse with hypertonic saline and push back inside the animal
36
Eclampsia
Hypocalcemia as a result of lactation Symptoms: tetany, increased temp. Tx: IV fluids with Ca+ gluconate- very slow infusion Prevention: supplment mother's diet with calcium during last trimester (puppy food)
37
Agalactia
Decreased milk production | Tx: oxytocin
38
Mastitis
Inflammation of mammary glands Symptoms: swollen, hot to touch Tx: antibiotics, wet to dry bandage (tech. must bottle feed babies)
39
Care of Umbilical Cord
Dip in bactericidal antibiotic | Could cause naval ill
40
Care of Placenta/Breathing
Remove from head of fetus- allow breathing Suck fluid from mouth/throat Stimulate breathing with response mechanism If not able to stimulate --> give doxapram HCL
41
Post Parturient Care
Palpate abdomen of mother Check for retained placenta Check for vaginal lacerations
42
Challenges with Neonates
Hypothermia -Can't regulate for approx. 2 weeks -Tx: heating lamps or H2O bottles Eyes and ears should open after 2 weeks If not weight gain --> hand feed or NG tube Infections will cause "fading puppy syndrome" Deformities: -Cleft palate: 2 halves of the palate don't seal after birth *Hard to eat w/o potential for drowning
43
Gross Anatomy of the Male Reproductive Tract
Prepuce: protects the penis Scrotum: protects the testicle Gabernaculum: ligament that pulls the testes through the inguinal canal Testicle surrounded by visceral peritoneum: -Epididymis: stores sperm -Body: spermatogenesis, testosterone production Spermatic cord: -Spermatic artery/vein: provides nutrients to testicle -Vas deferens: transport sperm from testicle to urethra Cremaster muscle: temp. regulation of the testicle Os penis: provides rigidity for entering the vaginal vault
44
Exocrine Gland in Prostate Gland
Provides fluid nutrition to sperm
45
Hypertrophy (Males)
Increase and growth of muscle cells Older males Tx: alpha blockers (Prazosin)
46
Abscess (Males)
Bacteria inside the prostate | Tx: antibiotics
47
Cyst (Males)
Obstructed duct, may rupture | Tx: drain
48
Neoplasia (Males)
Prostatic adenocarcinoma | Rare in animals
49
Cryptorchid
Retained testicle Usually genetic May develop sertoli cell tumor Will produce estrogen

A+P II (4 decks)

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