Exam 1 ALL Flashcards
1
Q
CN I & Function
A
Olfactory
Smell (Sensory)
2
Q
CN II & Function
A
Optic
Vision (Sensory)
3
Q
cn III & function
A
oculomotor
eye movement (motor)
4
Q
cn IV & function
A
trochlear
eye movement (motor)
5
Q
cn V & function
A
trigeminal
facial sensation, anterior 2/3 tongue (sensory)
mastication (motor)
6
Q
cn VI & function
A
abducens
eye movement (motor)
7
Q
cn VII & function
A
facial
taste anterior 2/3 tongue (sensory)
facial expressions (motor)
8
Q
cn VIII & function
A
vestibulocochlear
hearing, balance (sensory)
9
Q
cn IX & function
A
glossopharyngeal
taste posterior 1/3 tongue (sensory)
pharynx for swallowing (motor)
10
Q
cn X
A
vagus
heart rate (sensory)
velar elevation, swallowing, tensing/stretching VFs, abducting/adducting VFs (motor)
11
Q
cn XI & function
A
accessory
keeping head up, supportive function for swallowing (motor)
12
Q
cn XII & function
A
hypoglossal
instrinsic (fine) and extrinsic (gross) movement of tongue (motor)
13
Q
neurological perspective
A
language only, lesion
14
Q
cognitive perspective
A
related to cognitive & lesion
15
Q
functional perspective
A
communication masking cognitive
16
Q
4 parts of aphasia definition
A
1) language level problem
2) receptive and expressive
3) multimodal
4) CNS dysfunction
17
Q
aphasia operational definition
A
acquired selective impairment of language modalities from a focal brain lesion affecting communicative and social functioning, quality of life
18
Q
aphasia is __ language loss
A
acquired
19
Q
4 modalities
A
expressive
receptive
reading
writing
20
Q
expressive
A
formulation/production
21
Q
receptive
A
derive meaning
22
Q
reading
A
processing written words
23
Q
writing
A
producing shapes or words that make sense
24
Q
paraphasia
A
error in phonemes, words, or phrases produced unintentionally due to higher level language deficits
25
phonemic/literal paraphasia
error at phonemic level
taple for staple
26
neologism/neologistic paraphasia
word produced is entirely different and more than 50% unintelligible
dowfler for pencil
27
semantic paraphasia
substitution of one word for another word that is similar in meaning
glass for cup
28
unrelated verbal paraphasia
substitution of one word for another word that is not similar in meaning
lunch for bicycle
29
perseveration
word that is said repeatedly and inappropriately
30
perseverative paraphasia
word said earlier is repeatedly and inadvertently produced
getting "stuck"
31
agrammatism
lack of grammar by omitting function words
32
functor words
in-between words used to frame major content words in a sentence
33
content words
words that carry majority of meeting
34
telegraphic speech
few words are used but words still carry a great deal of meeting
35
repetition deficits
inability to repeat due to lesion at arcuate fasciculus
36
arcuate fasciculus
pathway between broca's and wernicke's, allows for repetition of words
37
alexia
acquired impairment of reading
38
agraphia
inability to write letters or words
may write neologisms
39
self repair
speaker restates or revises word or phrase in order to produce it error free
40
perseverative self-repairing
decrease speech fluency, slow down rate of speech, make speaker frustrated, they get stuck
41
speech disfluencies
phoneme repetitions, word repetitions, part-word repetitions, phrase repetitions, prolongations, interjections
42
interjections
very common, "uhhhh"
43
preserved language
rote or overlearned language
counting to 10s, abcs
44
automatic language
language produced automatically or closely associated with a stimulus
swearing in pain
45
fluent
connected, not necessarily real words
46
nonfluent
speech not connected
47
nonfluent aphasias
broca's, transcortical motor, mixed transcortical, global
48
fluent aphasias
conduction, anomic, wernicke's, transcortical sensory
49
broca's aphasia definition
marked deficiency of syntactical, structural words, functors, strikingly abnormal output
50
broca's lobe
frontal
51
broca's expressive language
agrammatic/telegraphic speech
NONFLUENT
impaired repetition
effortful, poorly articulated speech
no neologisms
impaired confrontation naming
52
broca's receptive language
good comprehension
53
broca's reading
intact reading comprehension
inability to read aloud
54
broca's writing
difficulty comprehending written material
abnormal writing
55
telegraphic speech in broca's
small function words absent
walk dog instead of i will take the dog for a walk
56
chronic agrammatic aphasia
deficits in using and understanding syntactic structures
limitation in ability to recognize correct grammatical structures
57
global aphasia
most severe, nonfluent, severe depression of all modalities
58
global aphasia expressive
reduced fluency
NONFLUENT
facial gestures
59
global aphasia receptive
comprehension impaired
can be alert of surroundings
60
global aphasia reading
impaired reading
61
global aphasia writing
impaired writing
62
transcortical motor aphasia
nonfluent, looks like broca's
63
transcortical motor expressive
nonfluent
nonfluent, paraphasic, telegraphic
intact repetition
64
transcortical motor receptive
better comprehension than production
65
mixed transcortical aphasia
RARE
nonfluent
motor and sensory
global aphasia with ability to repeat
66
mixed transcortical expressive
nonfluent
unimpaired automatic speech
intact repetition
67
wernicke's aphasia
fluent
temporal lobe
68
wernicke's expressive
fluent
rapid rate of speech
normal phrase length
severe word finding
empty speech
jargon
normal prosodic features
impaired repetition
69
wernicke's receptive
poor language comprehension
lack of awareness of error
70
wernicke's reading
impaired reading
71
wernicke's writing
impaired writing
72
you know that smoodle pinkered and that i want to get him round and take care of him
fluent, flows
wernicke's aphasia
73
beautiful handwriting, doesn't make sense
wernicke's
74
conduction aphasia
fluent, arcuate fasciculus lesion, impacted repetition
75
conduction expressive
fluent speech
impaired repetition
paraphasic speech
76
conduction receptive
good comprehension
77
conduction reading
abnormal read aloud
good reading comprehension
78
conduction writing
impaired writing
79
transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA)
fluent, similar to Wernicke's, thalamus involved
80
transcortical sensory expressive
fluent but usually meaningless
impaired naming
echolalic behavior
repetition good to excellent
81
transcortical sensory receptive
impaired comprehension
prompting might help
82
anomic aphasia
mildest, word finding, appears with broca's
82
anomic aphasia characteristics
inability to name people/objects, aware of nature but cannot name, impaired comprehension, disturbance in word retrieval
82
anomic aphasia has ___ localization value
little/no
82
word production anomia
inability to produce name of object presented
nonfluent aphasia
83
word selection anomia
inability to name object although patient can demonstrate or explain use
84
semantic anomia
inability to retrieve appropriate word from lexicon
difficulty understanding his own name
85
category-specific anomia
inability to name items in some categories while being able to name items in other categories
86
modality specific anomia
inability of patient to name objects presented to one sensory modality but not others
can't see visual, but can do tactile
87
transcortical aphasias
RARE
repetition is better than expected
88
pure aphasias
alexia without agraphia (occipital)
agraphia without alexia (premotor cortex)
89
crossed aphasia
ipsilateral, right handed person lesions in right hemisphere
90
subcortical aphasia: thalamic
word finding
disturbances in rhythm
short term memory problem
naming errors
neologisms
91
progressive nonfluent aphasia
degeneration of frontal lobes, form of dementia, not lesions
92
progressive nonfluent aphasia characteristics
phonemic paraphasias
anomia
slow rates of speech
reduced phrase length
intact receptive language
93
semantic dementia
degeneration in temporal lobes, similar to wernicke's
94
semantic dementia characteristics
semantic jargon
pragmatic deficits
significant anomia
95
aphasia in left handed
no set theory
96
sign language aphasia
similar to oral aphasia, language is dependent on hemisphere
97
sign language aphasia characteristics
difficulty understanding signs
impaired comprehension
dysfluent signing
hand shape paraphasias
omit movements
nonfluent signing
fluent but meaningless signing
98
associated disorders
coma, vision disorders, verbal memory disturbance, cognitive/affective disorders, depression, emotional or behavioral disturbances, emotional liability
99
psuedo bulbar affect
emotional outbursts due to brian damage
100
cortical lesions vs subcortical lesions
cortical may affect language function more
101
mild aphasia
resemble normal speakers, more burden on convo partners, compensation strategies, nonlinguistic aids
102
moderate aphasia
fundamentally different, phonemic errors, reduced lexicon, impaired vigilance, paucity of speech acts
103
severe aphasia
easy to identify, may demonstrate severe impairments of all modalities, may be nonverbal, may not make sense
104
3 divisions of brain
cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem
105
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
brain to body
EFFERENT
106
peripheral nervous system
body to brain
AFFERENT
107
efferent
exits
108
afferent
arrives
109
cerebrum
control center
highest cognitive functions
gyri sulci
110
cerebral meninges
dura mater, arachnoid matter, pia mater
protective
111
dura mater
tough mother, protective, outermost, thick
112
arachnoid mater
vascular supply to brain, openings for blood vessels, webbed
113
pia mater
gentle mother, delicate, innermost
114
cerebrospinal fluid
protective, nutritive
flows through ventricles, meninges, brain, spinal cord
removes waste
115
grey matter
unmyelinated neurons
top of neuron
116
white matter
axons, myelinated
117
dendrite
receives info
118
axon terminal button
sends info
119
3 white matter tracts
association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers
120
association fibers
1 structure, 1 hemisphere, do not cross over
121
commissural fibers
communicate between left and right, corpus callosum
122
projection fibers
leave the brain, cranial nerves
123
corpus callosum
keeps 2 hemispheres together
124
right hemisphere
interpret nonlinguistic signals, facial expressions, body language
125
right hemisphere comprehension deficits
concrete comprehension of language/prosody
inability to recognizes faces/facial expressions
inability to recognize/interpret music
126
right hemisphere expression deficits
monotone speech
flat affect
no melody or rhythm
127
right hemisphere environmental deficits
inability to understand nonspeech sounds
128
right hemisphere macrostructure deficits
gestalt
129
gestalt
inability to piece small parts together to see the bigger picture
130
right hemisphere visuospatial deficits
inability to track depth, distance, shapes
131
right hemisphere sustained attention deficits
inability to stay focused, easily distracted
132
right hemisphere selective attention deficits
inability to fade out stimuli
133
left hemisphere deficits
language
134
broca's area
frontal lobe, brodmann 44 + 45
135
wernicke's area
temporal lobe, brodmann 22
136
central sulci
divides frontal and parietal lobes
137
lateral sulci
divides temporal from frontal and parietal
138
frontal lobe functions
expressive language, personality, some memory, motor movements
139
prefrontal cortex
frontal lobe
personality, some memory, executive functions like decision making
140
primary motor cortex
frontal lobe, motor strip
motor movements
left primary motor planning for speech
141
motor homunculus
frontal lobe
more surface area to parts with fine motor movement than gross motor movement
142
parietal lobe functions
sensory
143
primary sensory cortex
parietal lobe
tactile/proprioceptive informatoin
left from right, right from left (contralateral)
144
sensory homunculus
parietal lobe
more surface area to structures with more sensory receptors than fewer
145
temporal lobes functions
memory created and housed, auditory cortex
146
hippocampi
temporal lobe
short term to long term memory
147
primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe
in front of wernicke's areas
148
occipital lobe functions
vision
149
primary visual cortex
occipital lobe
info from eyes
contralateral
150
visual association areas
occipital lobe
processes and interprets visual info
visual perception
151
subcortical structures
beneath level of awareness
brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia
152
brainstem
connects spinal cord to brain
involuntary life functions
midbrain, pons, medulla
153
midbrain
in brainstem
centra hautica
dopamine
154
pons
in brainstem
cranial nerves pass through and decusate (cross over)
155
medulla
in brainstem
lesion above medulla contralateral hemiplegia
lesions below medulla ispilateral hemiplegia
156
cerebellum
in brainstem
contralateral hemisphere processing
vermis connects hemispheres
error control, body movement coordination, monitors intent of motor planning
157
thalamus
on top of brainstem
sensory relay station for all cranial nerves except olfactory
receives afferent info from body
receives motor plans from cerebellum
158
basal ganglia
cuadate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
initiation of movement, muscle tone maintenance, inhibition of extraneous movements
159
acetylcholine
basal ganglia
excitatory
action, when to move
160
circle of willis
bloody supply to the brain
central location for arteries
blood flow to all areas of brain
safety valve during occlusion
161
anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
blood to frontal and parietal lobes, basal ganglia, corpus callosum
162
middle cerebral artery (MCA)
most common
blood to broca's, wernicke's, temporal lobe, primary motor cortex
163
posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
blood to occipital lobes, cerebellum, and inferior temporal lobes
164
spinal cord
white and grey matter in spinal column
transmits sensory (afferent) info to brain
transmits motor (efferent) info to body
165
phrenic nerve
innervates diaphragm
166
bilateral innervation
both contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres
protective redundancy
167
protective redundancy
allows body part to still function if one cerebral hemisphere is damaged
168
what causes aphasia
cva
tbi
brain tumors
degenerative diseases
medical procedures
169
cva
cerebrovascular accidents
170
cva or stroke caused by
interruption of blood supply to brain, oxygen supply cut
171
cva symptoms
most common: one sided weakness
confusion, difficulty speaking, difficulty seeing, difficulty walking, dizziness, loss of balance, severe headache, fainting
172
types of strokes
ischemic, hemorrhagic
172
ischemia
blod clot blocks arterties and cuts blood supply to brain
85% of strokes ischemic
173
infarct
death of area of tissue
174
ischemic stroke
blood clot
175
transient ischemic stroke TIA
mini stroke
blockage temporary, short symptoms
usually no permanent damage
176
thrombotic stroke
clot (embolus) blocks blood flow to one or more arteries of brain
result of unhealthy blood vessels clogged with cholestorol or fatty deposits
177
2 types of thombosis
large vessel and small vessel
178
large vessel thrombosis
most often in large arteries
most common, best understood
hardening and narrowing of artery
smoking, high BP, high cholesterol
179
small vessel disease
lacunar infarction
blood flow is blocked in small arterial vessel
closesly linked to hypertension
180
watershed stroke
ischemia
between territories of 2 major arteries in brain
10% of ischemic strokes
severe communicative deficits
181
hemorrhagic stroke
stroke caused by breakage or bursting of blood vessel in brain
182
aneurysm
weak or thin spot on blood vessel wall
usually present at birth, can start to balloon
takes years
183
2 types of hemorrhagic strokes
subarachnoid, intracerebral
184
subarachnoid hemorrhage
aneurysm bursts in large artery on or near meninges
blood contaminates CSF
185
intracerebral hemorrhage
bleeding from blood vessels in brain
hypertension main cause
186
brain tumor
mass of abnormal cells that can be benign or malignant
primary or metastic
fast growing, rapidly spreading
187
primary tumor
developed in brain
30-50% experience aphasia
188
metastic tumor
begins in other parts and spreads
189
neoplastic aphasia
aphasia secondary to cancer
190
degenerative diseases of aphasia
frontotemporal dementia, spongiform degeneration, alzheimer's, lewy body, cruezfeldt jacob disease, HIV
191
HIV stroke
opportunistic infection
vasculopathy
cardioembolism
coagulopathy
192
sickle cell disease
blood platelets become deformed into sickle shapes
major cause of strokes in african americans
193
neuroplasticity
recover itself
brain's ability to change either at micro level or macro level, allowing brain to respond to environmental or changes in organism itself
adaptive or maladaptive
brain can create new connections
194
micro level
neural plasticity
195
macro level
behavioral plasticity
196
adaptive
efficient rerouting
197
maladaptive
inefficient rerouting, poor recovery
198
restoration
macro level
back to original level
199
compensation
macro level
skill not regained, support strategy
200
habituation
macro level
learned new skill not there before
201
subsitution
macro level
learning whole new thing
202
recovery vs. compensation (behavioral)
recovery: capacity to perform previous impaired task in same manner as before injury
compensation: use of new strategy to perform previously impaired task in same manner as before injury
203
recovery vs. compensation (neurophysiologic)
recovery: restoration of function within area initially lost, recreating connections, functioning similarly
compensation: different neural tissue takes over functions lost after injury
204
acute
recent, just had it
205
subacute
few weeks, few months
206
chronic
lasting more than few months, 6+
207
rapid recovery
few hours or days after
208
steady improvement
over several weeks
209
prognostic variables in language recovery
age at stroke onset
history of previous stroke
history of earlier treatment
premorbid health status
education
handedness
post-onset time
stimulability**
support networks
emotional and psychosocial changes
210
health disparities
difference in incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and burden of disease and health conditions that exist among specific population groups
211
health care disparities
difference in health care access and use between 2 or more groups
212
causes of health disparities
poverty
discrimination
nonexistent/poor medical care early in life
neighborhood wealth
poor living and working situations
213
major factor of health care disparities
lack of insurance
214
vulnerable populations
racially diverse
low ses
residence
sex/gender
incarcerated
veterans
homeless
215
chronic diseases implicated in CVAs
hypertension
heart disease
cavernous venous malformations CVMS
diabetes
216
lifestyle contributors in CVAs
alcoholism
obesity
smoking
access to health care
217
____ have highest rates of hypertension
african americans
218
___ is a significnt risk factor for stroke because of relationship to coronary artery disease
obesity
219
obesity places individual at higher risk for ___ and ____
hypertension and diabetes
220
highest prevalence of obesity amongst ____
african american women
221
prevalence of diabetes in AAs is nearly ___% higher than non-hispanic whites
70
222
___ at highest risk for diabetes
african americans,
hispanics
american indians
223
combo of diabetes and hypertension increases risks for ___ and ___
stroke and dementia
224
cavernous malformations
vascular disease of brain that casues headaches, epilepsy, seizures, and cerebral hemorrhage
225
cavernous malformations are found more in ___ than in any other ethnic group
hispanic americans
226
CMs inherited from common ancestor in ___ or ___ form
sporadic or familial
227
___ disease is implicated in both stroke and dementia
heart
228
____ have highest rates of risk factors for cardiovascular disease
native americans
229
_____ at highest risk for stroke
pacific islanders
230
stroke belt
area down south, high percentage of AAs, little access to healthy foods, prevalent health care disparities, obesity, low SES
231
greatest incidence of disability is amongst ___
african american females
232
____ and ___ 2x more likely to have recurrent strokes
hispanic and african americans
233
chronic alcohol abuse
more than 3-4 drinks per day
234
___ have highest prevalence of heavy drinking
native americans
followed by whites then hispanics
235
culture
language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of ethnic, religious, or social groups
236
competence
capactity to function effectively within context of cultural beliefs, behaviors, and needs of consumers
237
cultural competence
set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that enables effective work in cross-cultural situations
238
cultural responsiveness
incorporating attributes and characteristics and knowledge of another author's culture, reciprocal action
239
cultural sensitivity
being aware that differences and similarities exist between people without assigning value
240
cultural dissonance
lack of acceptance between provider and culturally diverse patient when provider does not understand patient's values, norms, and beliefs
