Exam 1 (Atlas, Ch.5, & Ch.6) Flashcards
Define ‘rostral’.
-Towards forehead or nose
Define ‘caudal’.
-Towards tail
Structures/systems found in the abdominopelvic region?
-Digestive system, urinary system, reproductive organs, spleen, kidneys, and rectum
Define ‘mediastinum’.
-region between the lungs; occupied by the heart, esophagus, trachea, and bronchi
Name all 11 systems in the human body.
-Nervous, Skeletal, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive, Integumentary, Muscular, Endocrine, Circulatory, Lymphatic, & Respiratory
Give the name and function of all 3 embryonic germ layers.
- Ectoderm: outermost layer, gives rise to epidermis and nervous system
- Endoderm: innermost layer, gives rise to mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tract
- Mesoderm: intermediate layer, more general, turns into mesenchyme
Define ‘mesenchyme’.
-Mesenchymal cells and collagen fibers in ground substance; gives rise to cardiac muscle, bone, and blood
List the functions of epithelial tissue.
-Protection, secretion/excretion, absorption, filtration, and sensation
Define ‘simple squamous’ location and function.
-Thin and single layer
-Found in air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, serous membranes
-Allows rapids diffusion of substances
Define ‘simple cuboidal’ location and function.
-Cube or round shape, single layer
-Found in ducts and kidney tubules
-Absorption and secretion of mucus
Define ‘simple columnar’ location and function.
-Long rod shape, single layer
-Uterus, bronchi, stomach, and intestinal lining
-Absorption and secretion of mucus, moves eggs in uterine tubes
Define ‘pseudostratified columnar’ location and function.
-Appears to be multilayered, but all cells reach the basement membrane. Not all cells reach free surface.
-Portions of the male urethra, upper respiratory tract
Define ‘keratinized stratified squamous’ location and function.
-Thin, hardened cells; multiple layers
-Epidermis
-Reists abrasion and water loss, guards from pathogens
Define ‘nonkeratinized stratified squamous’ location and function.
-Many layers
-Mouth and vaginal canal
-Resists water loss and barrier from infections and toxins
Define ‘stratified cuboidal’ location and function.
-Multilayered cube cells
-Salivary and sweat glands, production of ovarian hormones and sperm
-Sweat, saliva, ovarian hormones, sperm
Define ‘urothelium’ location and function.
-Cells are more rounded at the top, multilayered
-Urinary tract
-Stretch as urinary tract fills
List all functions of connective tissue.
-Binding of organs, physical protection, physical support, immune protection, heat production, movement, and transport
Define the 6 cell types found in connective tissue. Give functions.
- Fibroblast: slender w/ wispy branches; produce fibers and ground substance for extracellular matrix
- Macrophages: phagocytic cells, activate immune system when antigens are detected
- Leukocytes: neutrophils (attack bacteria) and lymphocytes (attack foreign agents and toxins)
- Plasma cells: Lymphocytes may turn into plasma cells and produce antibodies in response to foreign agents
- Mast cells: found alongside blood vessels, produce heparin (anti-clot) and histamine (pro-blood flow)
- Adipocytes: fat cells
Define ‘collagen’, ‘elastin’, and ‘reticular’ fibers.
-Collagen: tough and resistant to stretching
-Elastin: stretchy and recoils well
-Reticular: forms spongy framework
Define ‘areolar tissue’ location and function.
-Collagen and elastic fibers, lots of ground substance. All 6 cell types can be found.
-Can be found under epithelium, in serous membranes and organs
-Binds epithelia to deeper tissue, allows for the passage of vessels, nerves, and immune protection
Define ‘reticular tissue’ location and function.
-A mesh of reticular fibers. Fibroblasts can be found.
-Can be found in bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
-Provide support for lymphoid organs
Define ‘dense regular tissue’ location and function.
-Densely and uniformly packed wavy collagen fibers. Fibroblasts present.
-Can be found in the cornea, tendons, and ligaments.
-Binds bones and resists stress
Define ‘dense irregular tissue’ location and function.
-Randomly pack collagen fibers. Fibroblasts present. Little open space/ground substance.
-Can be found in reticular layer of dermis, organ capsules, fibrous sheaths around cartilage and bones
-Resists unpredictable stress
Define ‘adipose tissue’ location and function.
-Globular round cells. No other cells types present.
-Fat areas (around organs)
-Stores energy, protection, provides insulation
