Exam 1 - Basic Immunity Review Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
What are the 3 barriers to innate immunity?
A
1) Physical
2) Chemical
3) Cellular
2
Q
Name the two physical barriers to innate immunity.
A
Skin
Mucous membranes
3
Q
What are the examples of mucous membranes (5)?
A
Respiratory system Cough reflex GI system Cilia Eyelashes
4
Q
What are the examples of chemical barriers in innate immunity (5)?
A
Hydrolytic enzymes of saliva Tears Sweat Low pH of stomach, vagina Proteolytic enzymes in small intestine
5
Q
What are the examples of cellular barriers in innate immunity (6)?
A
General immune response Innate lymphoid cells Macrophages Eosinophils Natural killer cells Phagocytes
6
Q
What do macrophages do?
A
Remove bacteria, viruses
7
Q
T/F: Macrophages are phagocytes.
A
TRUE
-Mononuclear phagocytes = Macrophages
8
Q
What do phagocytes do?
A
Remove viruses, bacteria, parasites
9
Q
What type of immunity is the first line of defense against infection/disease?
A
Innate Immunity
10
Q
T/F: Innate immunity is not present at birth.
A
FALSE
-Innate immunity is present at birth
11
Q
T/F: Innate immunity is non-specific.
A
TRUE
- Will recognize anything no matter what; any antigen without discrimination
- Re-infection does not equal better immune response; SAME response as before
- Resistance does not improve with repeated infection
12
Q
T/F: Innate immunity participates in phagocytosis only.
A
FALSE
-Phagocytosis, Inflammation, Fever
13
Q
Identify the term for removal of pathogens.
A
Phagocytosis
14
Q
Identify the term for a form of protection against infection.
A
Inflammation
15
Q
Where do innate lymphoid cells develop from?
A
Common Lymphoid Progenitor
16
Q
What type of cells are descendants of stem cells that further differentiate to create specialized cell types?
A
Progenitor cells
17
Q
T/F: Lymphoid cells have to go to the site of injury to become active.
A
TRUE
-Active lymphoid cells are not in an activation state where they are produced
18
Q
T/F: Only some cells in the human body develop from bone marrow.
A
FALSE
-All cells in the human body develop from bone marrow
19
Q
What is the progenitor for all cells?
A
Bone marrow
20
Q
Where does the complete maturation of innate lymphoid cells take place?
A
At the site of injury or infection
21
Q
T/F: Innate lymphoid cells are activated by antigens.
A
FALSE
-Innate lymphoid cells are NOT activated by antigens
22
Q
Name the three groups of innate lymphoid cells.
A
ILC1
ILC2
ILC3
23
Q
What does TLR stand for?
A
Toll-like receptors
24
Q
T/F: TLRs play a crucial role in innate immune response.
A
TRUE
25
Where are TLRs predominantly expressed?
On Antigen Presenting Cells
26
T/F: TLRs are pattern recognizing receptors.
TRUE
| -When they recognize pattern, then an innate response will pursue
27
How many subtypes of TLRs are there?
10
| TLR1-TLR10
28
Name the two TLR signaling pathways.
1) MyD88-dependent
| 2) TRIF-dependent
29
Which subtype of TLR does TRIF-dependent signaling pathway recognize?
TLR3 & TLR4
30
What are the 4 listed outcomes after TLRs are activated by microbes?
1) Release of anti-viral cytokines
2) Release of anti-bacterial cytokines
3) Uptake by antigen presenting cells
4) Presentation to naive helper T cells after processing
31
T/F: Resistance improves after repeated infections in adaptive/acquired immunity.
TRUE
| -AKA Specific Immune Response
32
What are the three types of cells involved in adaptive/acquired immunity?
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Macrophages
33
T/F: Only secondary lymphoid organs are involved in the adaptive/acquire immune response.
FALSE
| -Primary AND Secondary lymphoid organs are involved in the process
34
Name primary organs.
Bone marrow
| Thymus
35
Name secondary organs.
Spleen
Tonsils
Peyer's Patches
Other lymphoid tissues
36
Which is the most potent and important immune response?
Adaptive/acquired immunity
37
What is the term for any agent inducing an immune response?
Immunogen
38
T/F: Immunogens always produce an immune response.
TRUE
39
What 3 things make up immunogens?
Foreignness
High molecular weight
Chemical complexity
40
What is the term for any agent capable of binding specifically to components of immune response?
Antigen
41
Name 4 examples of antigens.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
42
What is an example of a strong antigenic agent?
Proteins
| -More complex = more immune response
43
Which type of antigen (thymus-dependent or thymus-independent) produces only B cell response?
Thymus-INDEPENDENT antigens
| -Produce only B cell response, humoral response
44
Which type of antigen (thymus-dependent or thymus-independent) produces B cell and T cell responses?
Thymus-DEPENDENT antigens
| -Produces B cell (humoral) and T cell response
45
What is the term for soluble globulin proteins?
ANTIBODIES
46
What is the name for the area against which antibody was produced within antigen, to which an antibody will bind?
Epitope or Antigenic determinant
47
What is the term for the specific site to which antigen and antibody bind?
Epitope
48
What is the structure of antibody?
Four chain structure
| -Two light changes and Two heavy chains
49
What are the names of the three fragments of equal size in antibody structures?
Fab fragment
| Fc fragment
50
What is the name of the region where antibody binds to antigen?
Fab
51
T/F: Antibody will only bind to region it was produced.
TRUE
52
Which region binds to cell and gives signals (signal transduction)?
Fc region
53
What are the 3 functions of IgG? (APO)
Agglutination
Precipitation
Opsonization
54
What does ADCC stand for?
Antibody Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity
55
T/F: IgG can get to placenta and provide immunity to the fetus.
TRUE
| -Conferral of immunity to fetus; can get to placenta
56
What is the term for clumping of an antigen by an antibody?
Agglutination
57
T/F: IgG neutralizes only toxins.
FALSE
| -Neutralization of toxins AND viruses
58
Does IgG mobilize or immobilize bacteria?
Immobilization of bacteria
59
Which is the most abundant/potent immunoglobulin?
IgG
60
What is the structure of IgM?
Pentamer
61
How many binding sites does IgM have?
10 binding sites
62
What is the first immunoglobulin synthesized after immunization?
IgM
63
What do elevated levels of IgM indicate?
RECENT INFECTION
64
What is IgM synthesized by?
By placenta
65
What do elevated levels in a fetus indicate?
CONGENITAL INFECTION
66
Which immunoglobulin has the best agglutinating and complement-activating antibody relationships?
IgM
| -B/C it has 10 binding sites; still not more potent than IgG
67
Name the major immunoglobulin in secretions.
IgA
68
T/F: IgA is only diameric.
FALSE
| -IgA is monomeric and diameric
69
Which immunoglobulin has a role in mucosal infections?
IgA
70
What kind of activity does IgA have?
Bactericidal activity & Antiviral activity
71
Which immunoglobulin is a major part of colostrum and breast milk?
IgA
72
Which immunoglobulin causes the differentiation of B cells to a more mature form?
IgD
73
Which immunoglobulin is present on the surface of B lymphocytes?
IgD
74
T/F: IgD is present in monomeric form.
TRUE
75
Which immunoglobulin is a reaginic antibody?
IgE
76
T/F: IgE does not protect against parasites.
FALSE
| -IgE protects against parasites
77
Which immunoglobulin has an important role in hypersensitivity?
IgE
78
What happens to immunoglobulin in allergic disease?
Instead of making IgG, they make IgE (in large amounts)
79
_____response has a shorter lag phase and an extended plateau and decline.
Secondary
80
An antibody titer is greater in _____ response.
Secondary
81
Which immunoglobulin is represented in the primary antibody response?
IgM
82
Which immunoglobulin is represented in the secondary antibody response?
IgG
83
T/F: There is high antibody affinity in the secondary antibody response.
TRUE
| -B/C of the production of IgG
84
T/F: IgM is a stronger immune response.
FALSE
| -IgM is a weaker immune response
85
What are the 3 lymphoid cells?
T cells
B cells
NK cells
86
Where do T cells develop?
THYMUS
87
Where do B cells differentiate?
Fetal liver and adult BONE marrow
88
T/F: NK cells do not possess T cell or B cell receptors.
TRUE
89
What is the precursor of B and T cells?
BONE MARROW
90
What chains is TCR-1 composed of?
Gamma and Delta
91
What percentage are TCR-1?
5%
92
What chains make up TCR-2?
Alpha and Beta
93
What percentage are TCR-2?
95%
94
What is the name of the TCR complex?
CD3 complex
95
T/F: Every cell that has TCR always has CD3 on it.
TRUE
96
What are the two T cell subsets?
CD4+ (Helper T cells)
| CD8+ (Cytotoxic or cytolytic T cells)
97
What is another name for CD8+?
Cytotoxic or cytolytic T cells
98
What is another name for CD4+?
Helper T cells
99
T/F: CD4+ cells control entire immune response.
TRUE
100
Which two T cell subsets fall under Helper T cells?
CDw29+
| CD45R+
101
Which is the T cell subset that positively influences the immune response of T cells and B cells?
CDw29+
| -The helper function
102
Which is the T cell subset that induces cytotoxic function in CD8+ cells?
CD45R
103
Which two T cell subsets fall under Cytotoxic or cytolytic T cells?
CD28+
| CD11b+
104
Which T cell subset is MHC restricted?
CD28+
105
Which T cell subset is not MHC restricted or produces IL-2?
CD11b+
106
What to TH1 cells secrete?
```
IL-2
IL-3
IFN - gamma
TNF- alpha
TNF - beta
GM-CSF
```
107
What is the primary cytokine that defines TH1 cells?
IFN - gamma
108
What are TH1 helper T cells involved in (2)?
1) Cytotoxicity
| 2) Hypersensitivity
109
What do TH2 cells secrete?
```
IL-2
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-10
IL-13
TNF - beta
IL-9
```
110
What are TH2 helper T cells involved in (2)?
1) B cell activation
| 2) Stimulation of Ig1 and IgE secretion; Isotype switching
111
Name all of the Helper T cells subsets.
```
TH1
TH2
TH9
TH17
TH22
```
