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OS 201 Reviewer > Exam 1 - Biomolecules > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

<p>amino acid capable of forming disulfide bonds</p>

A

<p>cysteine</p>

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2
Q

<p>amino acids with hydroxyl groups</p>

A

<p>serine, threonine, tyrosine</p>

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3
Q

<p>amino acid providing rigidity</p>

A

<p>proline</p>

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4
Q

<p>nonpolar amino acids</p>

A

<p>A WIMP FLV</p>

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5
Q

<p>polar amino acids</p>

A

<p>CYST QN</p>

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6
Q

<p>electrically charged amino acids</p>

A

<p>acidic - DE

| basic - HRK</p>

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7
Q

<p>manifestations of collagen disorder</p>

A

<p>joint and skin hyperextensibility
bone deformities and fragility
impaired blood clotting
poor wound healing</p>

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8
Q

<p>manifestation of elastin disorder</p>

A

<p>increased capillary fragility</p>

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9
Q

linear sequence of amino acids

A

primary structure

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10
Q

bonds in primary structure

A

peptide bonds

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11
Q

describe an amide plane

A

rigid and non-rotating

due to partial double bond (peptide bond)

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12
Q

3D configuration of polypeptide whether a-helix or B-pleated sheet

A

secondary structure

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13
Q

bonds in secondary structure

A

H-bonds

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14
Q

bonds in tertiary structure

A

H-bonds
hydrophobic interaction
ionic reaction
disulfide bonds

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15
Q

confers water solubility to a structure

A

exposed polar/charged R groups

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16
Q

essential amino acids

A

KHR TMI FLV W

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17
Q

nonessential amino acids

A

CYPD QN SAGE

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18
Q

function of globular proteins

A

transporter/carrier

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19
Q

solubility of globular proteins

A

usually water-soluble

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20
Q

function of fibrous proteins

A

external protection

structural support

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21
Q

solubility of fibrous proteins

A

usually nonsoluble in water

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22
Q

examples of fibrous proteins

A

collagen
keratin
actin
myosin

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23
Q

What kind of molecule is <i>[name]+in</i>

A

protein

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24
Q

What kind of molecule is <i>[name]+ose</i>

A

carbohydrate

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25
Q

What kind of molecule is <i>[name]+ol</i>

A

lipid

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26
Q

relationship of:

d-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

A

aldose-ketose pair

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27
Q

relationship of:

d-glucose and d-mannose

A

epimers

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28
Q

relationship of:

d-galactose and d-glucose

A

epimers

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29
Q

relationship of:

d-ribose and d-ribulose

A

aldose-ketose pair

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30
Q

difference of amylose and amylopectin

A

amylose - unbranched, smaller

amylopectin - branched with A 1-6 bonds

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31
Q

Most biomolecules are D-isomers, but L-isomers are only synthesized in labs. T/F?

A

F, L-isomers can also occur naturally.

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32
Q

chitin is a(n)

A

N-acetyl glucosamine

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33
Q

inulin is a(n)

A

fructosan

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34
Q

functions as a volume expander

A

dextran

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35
Q

peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall

A

N-acetyl muramic acid

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36
Q

interacts with D-amino acids

A

racemase

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37
Q

receptor for hydrophobic ligand in signal transmission

A 
intracellular receptor
(easily permeates hydrophobic membrane)
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38
Q

receptor for hydrophilic ligand in signal transmission

A

transmembrane receptor

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39
Q

cis-oleic acid has a higher melting point than trans-elaidic acid. T/F?

A

F

trans-FAs usually have higher melting points, allowing them to stay solid at room temperature

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40
Q

trans-FA can be synthesized via dehydration. T/F?

A

F

trans-FAs are usually synthesized via hydrogenation

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41
Q

What do Voldemort and sialic acid have in common?

A

no nose

GOGOGOGO! Kaya natin ‘to, friends! =D

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42
Q

How are endergonic reactions completed inside the cell?

A

by coupling with exergonic reactions

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43
Q

Why is dG of ATP hydrolysis large and negative?

A
  • electrostatic repulsions between negatively charged oxygen atoms and phosphate groups
  • products of ATP hydrolysis are better solvated than ATP
  • products of ATP hydrolysis have resonance with each other
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44
Q

component of coenzyme

A

vitamins

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45
Q

enzyme catalyzing isomerization of D-ala to L-ala

A

racemase: produce enantiomers

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46
Q

Let [A] = 10 and [B] = 5.

If [A] is doubled, what happens to the flux?

A

difference in concentration = 10-5 = 5
if [A] is doubled, difference = 20-5 = 15
since flux is directly proportional to difference in concentration, it increases 3x

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47
Q

transport mechanisms with saturation kinetics

A

facilitated diffusion
Na+-coupled ATP transport
primary active transport
(basically, only simple diffusion does NOT have one)

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48
Q

A red blood cell shrinks 1.5 times its original size. What is [Na+]?

A

RBC osmolarity = 300 mOsm

[Na+] = 300/1.5 = 200 mEq/L

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49
Q

solute transport mechanism differentiating villous and cryptic parts of the small intestine

A

secondary active transport

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50
Q

pathway/enzyme associated with prolactin

A

Jak Stat Pathway

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51
Q

pathway/enzyme associated with ANP

A

Guanylyl Cyclase

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52
Q

pathway/enzyme associated with TSK

A

adenylate cyclase

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53
Q

pathway/enzyme associated with vasopressin

A

phospholipase C

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54
Q

pathway/enzyme associated with insulin

A

tyrosine kinase

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55
Q

part of amino acid providing individuality or distinction

A

R group

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56
Q

part of amino acid providing H for H-bonding

A

NH3+

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57
Q

part of amino acid accepting proton like a base

A

COO-

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58
Q

most abundant macromolecule in the cell

A

proteins

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59
Q

function of integral membrane proteins of plasma membrane

A

substance transport

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60
Q

double-membraned organelle

A

mitochondrion

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61
Q

function of sER

A

detoxification of alcohol, drugs, toxins

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62
Q

enzymes in lysosomes

A

hydrolases

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63
Q

structure arising from centriole

A

cilia

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64
Q

inclusions abundant in steroid hormone-secreting cells

A

lipid droplets

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65
Q

cytoskeletal element aiding in Dx of undifferentiated tumor

A

intermediate filament

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66
Q

organelle initiating apoptosis

A

mitochondrion

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67
Q

organelle defective in patients with myopathy

A

mitochondria

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68
Q

features of epithelial tissue

A

sparse ICM
avascular
renewing
has polarity

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69
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium has cells that do not reach the apical surface. T/F?

A

T

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70
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium is found in highly distensible organs such as in the urinary tract. T/F?

A

F. PSE is usually found in air-conducting structures such as in the respiratory tract. Urinary organs have dome cells.)

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71
Q

PSE usually has microvilli on its apical surface. T/F?

A

F. PSE is usually ciliated.

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72
Q

type of glands in pancreas

A

merocine

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73
Q

epithelium in majority of digestive tract

A

simple columnar

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74
Q

intercellular junction responsible for forming a belt-like adhesive band between epithelial cells

A

zonula adherens

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75
Q

molecule in basement membrane responsible for preventing the entry of negatively charged molecules

A

heparan sulfate

76
Q

difference of endocrine and exocrine glands

A

endocrine glands are ductless

77
Q

flow of secretion of exocrine acini

A

acini -> intercalated duct -> striated duct -> intralobular duct -> interlobular duct

78
Q

example of organ with both exocrine and endocrine function

A

testis

79
Q

Microvilli are prominently found in the small intestine. T/F?

A

T

80
Q

bond involving a highly electronegative atom and proton

A

H-bond

81
Q

constitute protein

A

amino acids

82
Q

constitute glycogen

A

glucose

83
Q

constitute DNA

A

nucleotides

84
Q

constitute phospholipids

A

fatty acids

85
Q

Double bonds confer a higher melting point in FA. T/F?

A

F, more double bonds usually lower the melting point.

86
Q

Natural unsaturated FAs have cis double bonds. T/F?

A

T

trans double bonds are usually artificially induced via hydrogenation

87
Q

Why is coconut oil liquid at room temperature despite containing very few UFAs?

A

The UFAs are mostly short or medium chain.

88
Q

role of cholesterol in modifying membrane fluidity by varying Tm

A

below Tm, it increases membrane fluidity (by interfering with HC tails of phospholipids)
above Tm, it decreases membrane fluidity (by limiting disorder of HC tails)

89
Q

FA derivatives that act mainly on neighboring cells

A

eicosanoids

90
Q

isoprenoids that must be obtained in the diet

A

Vit K and Vit E

91
Q

bioeffector lipid precursors that produce second messengers

A

phosphatidyl inositol and derivatives

92
Q

examples of steroid hormones

A

testosterone and cortisol

93
Q

examples of trioses

A

dihydroxyacetone

glyceraldehyde

94
Q

predominant form of glucose in solution

A

B-glucopyranose

95
Q

Stereoisomers have the same chemical formula, only differing in the position of one or more OH groups of their chiral carbons. T/F?

A

T

96
Q

basic repeating unit of chitin

A

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

97
Q

Glycosaminoglycans do not exist in free form. T/F?

A

F

98
Q

configuration of hyaluronic acid

A

coiled/helix

99
Q

composition of hyaluronic acid

A

N-acetylglucosamine

glucuronic acid

100
Q

allows hyaluronic acid to bind to Ca++

A

carboxylate groups of glucuronic acid

101
Q

organ with least amount of hyaluronic acid

A

liver

102
Q

location of ABO antigen

A

RBCs

103
Q

location of glycogen

A

liver, muscles

104
Q

protein involved with determination of GFR

A

inulin

105
Q

formed by hydrolyzing starch

A

dextrin

106
Q

important component of gangliosides

A

sialic acid

107
Q

factors increasing rate of diffusion through lipid bilayer

A

greater SA
smaller molecule
less polar molecule
higher temperature

108
Q

channels used in osmosis

A

protein channels

109
Q

least physiologically important route for the movement of Ca++ ions across the plasma membrane

A

diffusion

110
Q

Changing the membrane potential could alter the rate of diffusion. T/F?

A

T

111
Q

Rate of movement of ions is predicted by their lipid solubility. T/F?

A

F. Size and charge is also considered.

112
Q

transport mechanism facilitating Na+ absorption into enterocytes when using glucose in oral rehydration solutions

A

secondary active transport

113
Q

transport mechanism mediating insulin-mediated glucose uptake into muscle and fat

A

facilitated diffusion

114
Q

transport mechanism mediating movement of glucose through basolateral membrane on enterocyte into bloodstream

A

facilitated diffusion

115
Q

pathophysiology of acute infectious diarrhea (viral)

A

involves both osmotic and secretory components

116
Q

effect of IP3

A

promote release of intracellular Ca++

117
Q

determines specificity of communication in endocrine system

A

presence of specific receptors on target cells

118
Q

hormones using phosphatidyl inositol secondary messenger system

A

angiotensin II on adrenocortical cell

TRH on thyrotope

119
Q

hormone closely associated to tyrosine kinase

A

prolactin

120
Q

Why are we reviewing?

A

Cause we want to be like inositol.

GOGOGO! Fight! Stay focused! B]

121
Q

signalling pathway enzyme of growth hormone

A

JAK kinase

122
Q

signalling pathway enzyme of norepinephrine

A

adenylyl cyclase

123
Q

signalling pathway enzyme of oxytocin

A

phospholipase C

124
Q

signalling pathway enzyme of insulin

A

tyrosine kinase

125
Q

substances in ground substance of connective tissues

A

hyaluronic acid
proteoglycans
fibronectin
GAGs

126
Q

cell type responsible for producing connective tissue matrix

A

fibroblast

127
Q

GAGs

A

keratan sulfate
hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulfate
heparin sulfate

128
Q

fiber most commonly associated with formation of fine supportive network in soft tissues

A

Collagen Type III

129
Q

toughest protein

A

collagen

130
Q

functions of CT

A

immunologic protection
tissue repair
structural support
fuel storage

131
Q

cell in CT with longest lifespan

A

lymphocyte

132
Q

cell of CT demonstrating metachromasia

A

mast cell

133
Q

chemicals responsible for metachromasia

A

heparin

134
Q

precursor of plasma cells

A

B lymphocytes

135
Q

classic example of irregular dense CT

A

reticular layer of the dermis

136
Q

filament associated with cell crawling

A

actin

137
Q

motor protein contributing to anterograde axonal transport

A

kinesin

138
Q

function of cytoskeleton

A

separates chromosomes in mitosis
transports materials between neighbor cells
guides traffic of organelles

139
Q

Why is the cytoskeleton strong and adaptable?

A

built out of multiple protein filaments

several weak noncovalent bonds

140
Q

treadmilling

A

process where filament assembles at one end while disassembling at the other end

141
Q

filaments comprising centrioles

A

microtubule

142
Q

filament-protein bases of cilia and flagella

A

microtubules + dyneins

143
Q

function of accessory proteins

A

determine position of organelles

144
Q

motor proteins

A

use ATP to move along microtubules/actin
mediate sliding of filaments
mediate organelle transport along filament tracks

145
Q

corresponds to electron-lucent area in trilaminar lipid bilayer under EM

A

hydrophobic phospholipid tails

146
Q

corresponds to electron-dense area in trilaminar lipid bilayer under EM

A

hydrophilic phospholipid heads

147
Q

enantiomers

A

stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other

148
Q

diastereomers

A

non-mirror image steroisomers

e.g. anomers, epimers

149
Q

anomers

A

cyclic stereoisomers with a different configuration at only the hemiactal C
A vs. B

150
Q

epimers

A

diastereoisomers with a different configuration around one C

e.g. glucose and mannose, glucose and galactose

151
Q

C2 epimers

A

glucose and mannose

152
Q

C4 epimers

A

glucose and galactose

153
Q

RNA replication normally happens in a healthy individual. T/F?

A

F, RNA does not replicate.

154
Q

Proteins can be a template for RNA. T/F?

A

F, RNA can be the template for proteins but not v.v.

155
Q

DNA can be a direct template for synthesis of proteins. T/F?

A

F, DNA must first be transcribed to RNA.

156
Q

DNA and RNA can be a direct template for synthesis of DNA and RNA. T/F?

A

T

157
Q

simplest and smallest AA without D and L forms

A

gylcine

158
Q

AA forming desmosine

A

lysine

159
Q

properties of collagen

A

high tensile strength
unstretchable
left-handed strand is tightly intertwined
abundant proline, lysine, hydrolysine, and hydroxyproline
in tendon, cartilage, hide, and inner skin

160
Q

functions of Hb

A

binding and transport

161
Q

functions of Mb

A

binding and storage

162
Q

difference of Hb and Mb

A

Mb - monomer, hyperbolic curve, storage

Hb - tetramer, sigmoid curve, transport

163
Q

Hb tendency when extracellular [O2] is high

A

retain O2

164
Q

Hb tendency when extracellular [O2] is low

A

release O2

165
Q

Mb requires very low extracellular [O2] to dissociate with bound O2. T/F?

A

T, since it mostly serves to store O2, it needs severe O2 deprivation to release.

166
Q

Mb exhibits allosteric functional group properties. T/F?

A

F, Hb has the allosteric properties, attributed to its tetrameric nature.

167
Q

protein filament responsible for cell shape

A

actin

168
Q

result from hydrolysis of lactose

A

glucose + galactose

169
Q

difference of glycoproteins and proteoglycans

A

glycoproteins - more proteins

proteoglycans - more carbohydrates

170
Q

carbohydrate disease associated with phosphorylation

A

glycogen storage disease

171
Q

properties contributing to lipid aggregation

A

amphoteric property

self-healing and renewal

172
Q

importance of DHA

A

role in brain development

173
Q

period of natural DHA accumulation

A

3rd trimester of pregnancy

174
Q

important FA supplemented in milk formulas for preterm infants

A

DHA

175
Q

contains N-acetyluraminic acid

A

ganglioside

176
Q

transport mechanism mediating transport of glucose and Na+ at the apical membrane of enterocyte

A

secondary active transport

177
Q

most abundant GAG

A

chondroitin sulfate

178
Q

ligands binding to cytosolic receptors

A

cortisol

thyroxine

179
Q

Secondary messengers are usually proteins. T/F?

A

F, they are usually non-protein molecules

180
Q

constitute largest category of plasma membrane proteins

A

G proteins

181
Q

G protein ligands activating adenylyl cyclase

A

glucagon

PTH

182
Q

components of basal lamina

A

laminin
proteoglycan
Type IV collagen

183
Q

cytoskeletal element allowing cell crawling

A

actin

184
Q

purpose of oligosaccharides in blood

A

antigen recognition

185
Q

break time card!

A

reward yourself for reaching this far

=]]

OS 201 Reviewer (3 decks)

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