Exam 1 - Biomolecules Flashcards
(185 cards)
1
Q
<p>amino acid capable of forming disulfide bonds</p>
A
<p>cysteine</p>
2
Q
<p>amino acids with hydroxyl groups</p>
A
<p>serine, threonine, tyrosine</p>
3
Q
<p>amino acid providing rigidity</p>
A
<p>proline</p>
4
Q
<p>nonpolar amino acids</p>
A
<p>A WIMP FLV</p>
5
Q
<p>polar amino acids</p>
A
<p>CYST QN</p>
6
Q
<p>electrically charged amino acids</p>
A
<p>acidic - DE
| basic - HRK</p>
7
Q
<p>manifestations of collagen disorder</p>
A
<p>joint and skin hyperextensibility
bone deformities and fragility
impaired blood clotting
poor wound healing</p>
8
Q
<p>manifestation of elastin disorder</p>
A
<p>increased capillary fragility</p>
9
Q
linear sequence of amino acids
A
primary structure
10
Q
bonds in primary structure
A
peptide bonds
11
Q
describe an amide plane
A
rigid and non-rotating
due to partial double bond (peptide bond)
12
Q
3D configuration of polypeptide whether a-helix or B-pleated sheet
A
secondary structure
13
Q
bonds in secondary structure
A
H-bonds
14
Q
bonds in tertiary structure
A
H-bonds
hydrophobic interaction
ionic reaction
disulfide bonds
15
Q
confers water solubility to a structure
A
exposed polar/charged R groups
16
Q
essential amino acids
A
KHR TMI FLV W
17
Q
nonessential amino acids
A
CYPD QN SAGE
18
Q
function of globular proteins
A
transporter/carrier
19
Q
solubility of globular proteins
A
usually water-soluble
20
Q
function of fibrous proteins
A
external protection
structural support
21
Q
solubility of fibrous proteins
A
usually nonsoluble in water
22
Q
examples of fibrous proteins
A
collagen
keratin
actin
myosin
23
Q
What kind of molecule is <i>[name]+in</i>
A
protein
24
Q
What kind of molecule is <i>[name]+ose</i>
A
carbohydrate
25
What kind of molecule is [name]+ol
lipid
26
relationship of:
| d-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone
aldose-ketose pair
27
relationship of:
| d-glucose and d-mannose
epimers
28
relationship of:
| d-galactose and d-glucose
epimers
29
relationship of:
| d-ribose and d-ribulose
aldose-ketose pair
30
difference of amylose and amylopectin
amylose - unbranched, smaller
| amylopectin - branched with A 1-6 bonds
31
Most biomolecules are D-isomers, but L-isomers are only synthesized in labs. T/F?
F, L-isomers can also occur naturally.
32
chitin is a(n)
N-acetyl glucosamine
33
inulin is a(n)
fructosan
34
functions as a volume expander
dextran
35
peptidoglycan in bacterial cell wall
N-acetyl muramic acid
36
interacts with D-amino acids
racemase
37
receptor for hydrophobic ligand in signal transmission
```
intracellular receptor
(easily permeates hydrophobic membrane)
```
38
receptor for hydrophilic ligand in signal transmission
transmembrane receptor
39
cis-oleic acid has a higher melting point than trans-elaidic acid. T/F?
F
| trans-FAs usually have higher melting points, allowing them to stay solid at room temperature
40
trans-FA can be synthesized via dehydration. T/F?
F
| trans-FAs are usually synthesized via hydrogenation
41
What do Voldemort and sialic acid have in common?
no nose
| GOGOGOGO! Kaya natin 'to, friends! =D
42
How are endergonic reactions completed inside the cell?
by coupling with exergonic reactions
43
Why is dG of ATP hydrolysis large and negative?
- electrostatic repulsions between negatively charged oxygen atoms and phosphate groups
- products of ATP hydrolysis are better solvated than ATP
- products of ATP hydrolysis have resonance with each other
44
component of coenzyme
vitamins
45
enzyme catalyzing isomerization of D-ala to L-ala
racemase: produce enantiomers
46
Let [A] = 10 and [B] = 5.
| If [A] is doubled, what happens to the flux?
difference in concentration = 10-5 = 5
if [A] is doubled, difference = 20-5 = 15
since flux is directly proportional to difference in concentration, it increases 3x
47
transport mechanisms with saturation kinetics
facilitated diffusion
Na+-coupled ATP transport
primary active transport
(basically, only simple diffusion does NOT have one)
48
A red blood cell shrinks 1.5 times its original size. What is [Na+]?
RBC osmolarity = 300 mOsm
| [Na+] = 300/1.5 = 200 mEq/L
49
solute transport mechanism differentiating villous and cryptic parts of the small intestine
secondary active transport
50
pathway/enzyme associated with prolactin
Jak Stat Pathway
51
pathway/enzyme associated with ANP
Guanylyl Cyclase
52
pathway/enzyme associated with TSK
adenylate cyclase
53
pathway/enzyme associated with vasopressin
phospholipase C
54
pathway/enzyme associated with insulin
tyrosine kinase
55
part of amino acid providing individuality or distinction
R group
56
part of amino acid providing H for H-bonding
NH3+
57
part of amino acid accepting proton like a base
COO-
58
most abundant macromolecule in the cell
proteins
59
function of integral membrane proteins of plasma membrane
substance transport
60
double-membraned organelle
mitochondrion
61
function of sER
detoxification of alcohol, drugs, toxins
62
enzymes in lysosomes
hydrolases
63
structure arising from centriole
cilia
64
inclusions abundant in steroid hormone-secreting cells
lipid droplets
65
cytoskeletal element aiding in Dx of undifferentiated tumor
intermediate filament
66
organelle initiating apoptosis
mitochondrion
67
organelle defective in patients with myopathy
mitochondria
68
features of epithelial tissue
sparse ICM
avascular
renewing
has polarity
69
Pseudostratified epithelium has cells that do not reach the apical surface. T/F?
T
70
Pseudostratified epithelium is found in highly distensible organs such as in the urinary tract. T/F?
F. PSE is usually found in air-conducting structures such as in the respiratory tract. Urinary organs have dome cells.)
71
PSE usually has microvilli on its apical surface. T/F?
F. PSE is usually ciliated.
72
type of glands in pancreas
merocine
73
epithelium in majority of digestive tract
simple columnar
74
intercellular junction responsible for forming a belt-like adhesive band between epithelial cells
zonula adherens
75
molecule in basement membrane responsible for preventing the entry of negatively charged molecules
heparan sulfate
76
difference of endocrine and exocrine glands
endocrine glands are ductless
77
flow of secretion of exocrine acini
acini -> intercalated duct -> striated duct -> intralobular duct -> interlobular duct
78
example of organ with both exocrine and endocrine function
testis
79
Microvilli are prominently found in the small intestine. T/F?
T
80
bond involving a highly electronegative atom and proton
H-bond
81
constitute protein
amino acids
82
constitute glycogen
glucose
83
constitute DNA
nucleotides
84
constitute phospholipids
fatty acids
85
Double bonds confer a higher melting point in FA. T/F?
F, more double bonds usually lower the melting point.
86
Natural unsaturated FAs have cis double bonds. T/F?
T
| trans double bonds are usually artificially induced via hydrogenation
87
Why is coconut oil liquid at room temperature despite containing very few UFAs?
The UFAs are mostly short or medium chain.
88
role of cholesterol in modifying membrane fluidity by varying Tm
below Tm, it increases membrane fluidity (by interfering with HC tails of phospholipids)
above Tm, it decreases membrane fluidity (by limiting disorder of HC tails)
89
FA derivatives that act mainly on neighboring cells
eicosanoids
90
isoprenoids that must be obtained in the diet
Vit K and Vit E
91
bioeffector lipid precursors that produce second messengers
phosphatidyl inositol and derivatives
92
examples of steroid hormones
testosterone and cortisol
93
examples of trioses
dihydroxyacetone
| glyceraldehyde
94
predominant form of glucose in solution
B-glucopyranose
95
Stereoisomers have the same chemical formula, only differing in the position of one or more OH groups of their chiral carbons. T/F?
T
96
basic repeating unit of chitin
N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
97
Glycosaminoglycans do not exist in free form. T/F?
F
98
configuration of hyaluronic acid
coiled/helix
99
composition of hyaluronic acid
N-acetylglucosamine
| glucuronic acid
100
allows hyaluronic acid to bind to Ca++
carboxylate groups of glucuronic acid
101
organ with least amount of hyaluronic acid
liver
102
location of ABO antigen
RBCs
103
location of glycogen
liver, muscles
104
protein involved with determination of GFR
inulin
105
formed by hydrolyzing starch
dextrin
106
important component of gangliosides
sialic acid
107
factors increasing rate of diffusion through lipid bilayer
greater SA
smaller molecule
less polar molecule
higher temperature
108
channels used in osmosis
protein channels
109
least physiologically important route for the movement of Ca++ ions across the plasma membrane
diffusion
110
Changing the membrane potential could alter the rate of diffusion. T/F?
T
111
Rate of movement of ions is predicted by their lipid solubility. T/F?
F. Size and charge is also considered.
112
transport mechanism facilitating Na+ absorption into enterocytes when using glucose in oral rehydration solutions
secondary active transport
113
transport mechanism mediating insulin-mediated glucose uptake into muscle and fat
facilitated diffusion
114
transport mechanism mediating movement of glucose through basolateral membrane on enterocyte into bloodstream
facilitated diffusion
115
pathophysiology of acute infectious diarrhea (viral)
involves both osmotic and secretory components
116
effect of IP3
promote release of intracellular Ca++
117
determines specificity of communication in endocrine system
presence of specific receptors on target cells
118
hormones using phosphatidyl inositol secondary messenger system
angiotensin II on adrenocortical cell
| TRH on thyrotope
119
hormone closely associated to tyrosine kinase
prolactin
120
Why are we reviewing?
Cause we want to be like inositol.
| GOGOGO! Fight! Stay focused! B]
121
signalling pathway enzyme of growth hormone
JAK kinase
122
signalling pathway enzyme of norepinephrine
adenylyl cyclase
123
signalling pathway enzyme of oxytocin
phospholipase C
124
signalling pathway enzyme of insulin
tyrosine kinase
125
substances in ground substance of connective tissues
hyaluronic acid
proteoglycans
fibronectin
GAGs
126
cell type responsible for producing connective tissue matrix
fibroblast
127
GAGs
keratan sulfate
hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulfate
heparin sulfate
128
fiber most commonly associated with formation of fine supportive network in soft tissues
Collagen Type III
129
toughest protein
collagen
130
functions of CT
immunologic protection
tissue repair
structural support
fuel storage
131
cell in CT with longest lifespan
lymphocyte
132
cell of CT demonstrating metachromasia
mast cell
133
chemicals responsible for metachromasia
heparin
134
precursor of plasma cells
B lymphocytes
135
classic example of irregular dense CT
reticular layer of the dermis
136
filament associated with cell crawling
actin
137
motor protein contributing to anterograde axonal transport
kinesin
138
function of cytoskeleton
separates chromosomes in mitosis
transports materials between neighbor cells
guides traffic of organelles
139
Why is the cytoskeleton strong and adaptable?
built out of multiple protein filaments
| several weak noncovalent bonds
140
treadmilling
process where filament assembles at one end while disassembling at the other end
141
filaments comprising centrioles
microtubule
142
filament-protein bases of cilia and flagella
microtubules + dyneins
143
function of accessory proteins
determine position of organelles
144
motor proteins
use ATP to move along microtubules/actin
mediate sliding of filaments
mediate organelle transport along filament tracks
145
corresponds to electron-lucent area in trilaminar lipid bilayer under EM
hydrophobic phospholipid tails
146
corresponds to electron-dense area in trilaminar lipid bilayer under EM
hydrophilic phospholipid heads
147
enantiomers
stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other
148
diastereomers
non-mirror image steroisomers
| e.g. anomers, epimers
149
anomers
cyclic stereoisomers with a different configuration at only the hemiactal C
A vs. B
150
epimers
diastereoisomers with a different configuration around one C
| e.g. glucose and mannose, glucose and galactose
151
C2 epimers
glucose and mannose
152
C4 epimers
glucose and galactose
153
RNA replication normally happens in a healthy individual. T/F?
F, RNA does not replicate.
154
Proteins can be a template for RNA. T/F?
F, RNA can be the template for proteins but not v.v.
155
DNA can be a direct template for synthesis of proteins. T/F?
F, DNA must first be transcribed to RNA.
156
DNA and RNA can be a direct template for synthesis of DNA and RNA. T/F?
T
157
simplest and smallest AA without D and L forms
gylcine
158
AA forming desmosine
lysine
159
properties of collagen
high tensile strength
unstretchable
left-handed strand is tightly intertwined
abundant proline, lysine, hydrolysine, and hydroxyproline
in tendon, cartilage, hide, and inner skin
160
functions of Hb
binding and transport
161
functions of Mb
binding and storage
162
difference of Hb and Mb
Mb - monomer, hyperbolic curve, storage
| Hb - tetramer, sigmoid curve, transport
163
Hb tendency when extracellular [O2] is high
retain O2
164
Hb tendency when extracellular [O2] is low
release O2
165
Mb requires very low extracellular [O2] to dissociate with bound O2. T/F?
T, since it mostly serves to store O2, it needs severe O2 deprivation to release.
166
Mb exhibits allosteric functional group properties. T/F?
F, Hb has the allosteric properties, attributed to its tetrameric nature.
167
protein filament responsible for cell shape
actin
168
result from hydrolysis of lactose
glucose + galactose
169
difference of glycoproteins and proteoglycans
glycoproteins - more proteins
| proteoglycans - more carbohydrates
170
carbohydrate disease associated with phosphorylation
glycogen storage disease
171
properties contributing to lipid aggregation
amphoteric property
| self-healing and renewal
172
importance of DHA
role in brain development
173
period of natural DHA accumulation
3rd trimester of pregnancy
174
important FA supplemented in milk formulas for preterm infants
DHA
175
contains N-acetyluraminic acid
ganglioside
176
transport mechanism mediating transport of glucose and Na+ at the apical membrane of enterocyte
secondary active transport
177
most abundant GAG
chondroitin sulfate
178
ligands binding to cytosolic receptors
cortisol
| thyroxine
179
Secondary messengers are usually proteins. T/F?
F, they are usually non-protein molecules
180
constitute largest category of plasma membrane proteins
G proteins
181
G protein ligands activating adenylyl cyclase
glucagon
| PTH
182
components of basal lamina
laminin
proteoglycan
Type IV collagen
183
cytoskeletal element allowing cell crawling
actin
184
purpose of oligosaccharides in blood
antigen recognition
185
break time card!
reward yourself for reaching this far
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