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OS 201 Reviewer > Exam 4 - Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, Regulation > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Cell Cycle, Apoptosis, Regulation Flashcards

(170 cards)

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1
Q

What stage does the dividing cell leave the cell cycle?

A

G1

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2
Q

In rapidly dividing embryonic cells, dominant stage in cell cycle?

A

M + S

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3
Q

cyclin with increased concentration after interphase

A

cyclin B

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4
Q

cyclin present in most stages of cell cycle

A

cyclin D

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5
Q

restriction point characteristics

A

within G1
commits cells to divide
makes cell insensitive to mitogens beyond this point

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6
Q

G1 checkpoint in animals

A

R point

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7
Q

modes of CDK regulation

A

interaction with CDK inhibitors
ubiquination of cyclins
phosphorylation of CDKs

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8
Q

begins cyclin ubiquination

A

cyclin destruction box

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9
Q

most frequently mutated protein in human tumors

A

p16

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10
Q

p21 mode of CDK inhibition

A

bind to active site

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11
Q

INK4 mode of CDK inhibition

A

replace cyclin

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12
Q

result of Cdc25 deficit and Wee1 excess

A

elongated cells

increased G2 phase

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13
Q

activates Cdc2

A

Cdc25

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14
Q

inhibits Cdc2

A

Wee1

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15
Q

Wee1

A

inhibits Cdc2

prolongs G2

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16
Q

result of Wee1 deficit and excess Cdc25

A

small cells

decreased G2 Phase

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17
Q

chemical modification mediating cyclin destruction

A

ubiquitination

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18
Q

most important checkpoints in cell cycle

A

G2-M

G1-S

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19
Q

effect of CDK inhibitor on cell cycle

A

disrupts G1-S transition

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20
Q

mechanism of INK4 family as inhibitors

A

disrupt association of cyclin with CDK

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21
Q

characteristics and features of apoptosis (10)

A 
activation of caspase in cytoplasm
activation of nucleases in nucleus
occupation of death receptor on membrane
release of cyt c from mitochondria
dimerization of Bcl-2 family
translocation of phosphatidylserine
ATP dependency
internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (ladder pattern)
absent at 4-deg
no inflammation
cell shrinkage
membrane blebbing
lamin breakdown
phosphorylation of bad protein(?)
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22
Q

caspase where extrinsic and intrinsic caspase cascades converge

A

caspase 3

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23
Q

pyknosis

A

nuclear shrinkage
DNA condenses
(during apoptosis)

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24
Q

karyolysis

A

nuclear fading
chromatin dissolution from nucleases
(during apoptosis)

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25
karyorrhexis
nuclear fragmentation pyknotic nuclear membrane ruptures and fragments (during apoptosis)
26
karyokinesis
nuclear division | during cell division
27
effect of c-Myc
increases apoptosis reduces tumor growth no effect from loss of function mutation of one of its alleles
28
serum and urine osmolarity in distended bladder (1L H2O intake)
serum: 250 mmOsm/L urine: 100 mOsm/L
29
baroreflex mechanism
baroreceptors are stimulated medullary constriction center is inhibited vagal parasympathetic system is excited net effect of vasodilation and lower heart rate and strength of contraction
30
estimated fluid volume in interstitial compartment of a 50kg male
7.5 L | interstitial fluid = 15% BW
31
total body water
60% BW
32
ICF volume
40% BW
33
ECF volume
20% BW
34
plasma volume
5% BW
35
ISF volume
15% BW
36
osmotic pressure
pressure needed to prevent movement of water from area of high water concentration to area of low water concentration
37
counteracting mechanism to decrease in effective circulating volume
increase rate of Na+ retention
38
effect of lower effective circulating blood volume on ADH
increased ADH release | renal sodium and fluid retention
39
effect of stimulation of low pressure stretch receptors
increase release of atrial natriuretic peptide (from heart)
40
primary regulator of sympathetic nervous system
rostral ventrolateral medulla
41
factors increasing salt and water excretion
↓ sympathetic response ↓ ADH ↑ ANF
42
main regulator of sodium excretion
aldosterone
43
impermeant solutes
mostly electrolytes (Na, Cl, K)
44
examples of permeant solutes
glycerol, urea
45
causes anisosmotic volume change
alterations in extracellular osmolality
46
causes isosmotic volume change
change in intracellular osmolality
47
low pressure strectch receptors
cardiac atria receptors | cardiopulmonary receptors
48
effect of stimulation of cardiac atria receptors
increased release of ANF increased neural impulses from hypothalamus to medulla reduced sympathetic neural discharge to kidney and ADH secretion increase in salt and water excretion by kidney
49
provides stimulus for earliest release of ADH
increase in plasma (ECF) osmolarity
50
cause of isosmotic change in cell volume
increased ICF osmolarity | can be caused by head trauma, stroke
51
effect of drinking urine
increase in effective circulating (plasma, ECF) volume | dehydration
52
correction treatment priority for dehydrated survivor
intravascular volume
53
threshold for thirst
295 mOsm/L
54
manifestations of plasma/intravascular volume depletion
low BP | rapid pulse
55
manifestations of interstitial volume depletion
poor skin turgor dry tongue sunken eyes
56
manifestations of ICF volume depletion
hallucinations | disturbance of function
57
concentration determining steady state volume of cell
extracellular impermeant solutes
58
mechanism protecting brain from rapid increase in plasma osmolarity
electrolyte gain
59
converts prothrombin to thrombin
Factor Xa
60
converts fibrinogen to fibrin
thrombin
61
catalyzes hydrolysis of fibrin
plasmin
62
activated by tissue thromboplastin/factors
extrinsic pathway
63
activates extrinsic pathway
tissue thromboplastin/factor
64
activated by contact with certain surfaces (e.g. collagen)
intrinsic pathway
65
activates intrinsic pathway
contact with certain surfaces such as collagen
66
mechanism of heparin as anticoagulant
interferes with final common pathway of coagulation
67
The immune system exhibits tolerance to both self and non-self molecules. T/F?
T
68
The core function of the immune system is destruction of non-self molecules. T/F?
F. | Some non-self molecules such as food and fetus are tolerated.
69
Most antibodies are normally coded for by unmodified germline DNA sequences. T/F?
F. | Most antibodies arise from modification of germline DNA.
70
Both heavy and light chains determine antibody class. T/F?
F. | Only the constant region of the heavy chain determines antibody class.
71
Only the heavy chain contributes to antigen binding by antibodies. T/F?
F. | Both heavy and light chains contribute to antigen binding by antibodies.
72
IgA normally crosses the placental barrier. T/F?
F. | IgG can cross placental barrier, not IgA.
73
IgM normally constitutes the majority of circulating antibodies in plasma? T/F?
F. | IgG is most abundant in plasma.
74
IgG normally appears in primary response to first exposure to an antigen. T/F?
F. | IgM is responsible for primary response to first exposure.
75
constitutes majority of circulating antibodies in plasma
IgG
76
first to appear in primary response to first exposure
IgM
77
Ig capable of crossing placenta
IgG
78
endotoxin from Gram negative bacteria
lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
79
main function of lysozymes
catalyze hydrolysis of bacterial cell walls
80
cytokines
non-antibody molecules regulating immune function via auto/paracrine signals
81
chemokines
specialized cytokines | attract leukocytes and promote endothelial adhesion
82
phagocytes
neutrophils macrophages monocytes
83
hallmark of inflammation
increased vascular permeability
84
Activation of complement pathways contibutes to opsonization. T/F?
T
85
Class I MHC location
most nucleated cells
86
Class I MHC role
present fragments of endogenous protein antigens (from APC) | enable recognition of antigens by cytotoxic T cells
87
coreceptor on cytotoxic T cells for antigen recognition
CD8
88
cytotoxic T cells
destroy targets by inducing apoptosis | coordinate adaptive immune responses
89
immunization requiring actual antigen exposure
active immunization
90
principle underlying most vaccination schemes
active immunization
91
example of passive immunization
maternal antibody transfer
92
Blood-group antigens include MHC proteins. T/F?
F
93
MHC antigens include blood-group antigens. T/F?
T
94
HLAs are blood-group antigens. T/F?
F. | It is an MHC antigen.
95
stimulate cell-mediated killing by cytotoxic T cells and macrophages
Th1 cells
96
stimulate antibody production by helping B cells
Th2 cells
97
stimulate immune responses against extracellular pathogens
Th17
98
mechanism of cyanide poisoning
hypoxic cellular damage | blocks cell enzyme action (cytochrome oxidase of mitochondria)
99
effects of cell hypoxia
increased production of lactic acid and inorganic phosphates | decreased cell pH
100
consequences of decreased IC ATP cell injury
``` ER swelling cellular swelling loss of microvilli blebs clumping of nuclear chromatin lipid deposition ```
101
effects of inhibition of Na-K-ATPase pump
apoptosis influx of Na+ and Ca++ (also H2O) efflux of K+ ER and cellular swelling, loss of microvilli, blebs
102
changes due to ischemia
decreased glycogen decreased oxidative phosphorylation decreased ATP increased anaerobic glycolysis
103
Because of interdependent nature of cellular systems, damage to one part may result in secondary injury to other systems. T/F?
T
104
Cell injury results from functional and biochemical abnormalities in one or more essential cellular components. T/F?
T
105
Biochemical and morphological manifestations of injury are usually seen first before loss of cellular function. T/F?
F | loss of cell function -> biochemical manifestations -> morphological manifestations
106
cell's ability to achieve new steady state compatible with viability in environment
adaptation
107
major mechanisms for electrical injury
``` disruption of cell membranes alteration of biomolecular conformation change in RMP eliciting muscle tetany converting electrical energy to heat mechanical injury from direct trauma caused by abnormal contraction-relaxation ```
108
causes injury from ionizing radiation
free radical formation and breaking of chemical bonds
109
mechanism of cell damage from extreme cold
formation of crystals that puncture cells | slow metabolic activites to near/total cessation
110
mechanism of cell damage by rheumatic fever
inflammatory/immune response injuring cardiac cells
111
example of physiologic atrophy
post-menopause uterine atrophy
112
cells commonly affected by hypertrophy
non-dividing cells such as cardiac and skeletal muscles
113
effect of hypertrophy
increase in cell size | increased functioning tissue mass
114
example of metaplasia
Barrett's esophagus | - normaly columnar epithelia is replaced by squamous epithelia
115
hyperplasia
increase in total number of cells
116
metaplasia
reversible change in cell structure due to noxious stimulus
117
dysplasia
abnormal cell growth with disordered cellular morphology, organization, and function pathologic
118
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
119
cellular dysplasia
always pathologic precursor to cancer disordered cell morphology, organization, function abnormal cell growth
120
secondary organ following bone marrow dysfunction
spleen
121
RBC in anemic patient
hypochromic | microcytic
122
common blood lines in normal bone marrow
erythropoeisis | granulopoeisis
123
ABO blood type with most antibodies in plasma
O
124
most accessible site to perform bone marrow biopsy in adult
pelvis
125
central executioner for apoptosis
caspase
126
role of insulin in homeostasis
efferent pathway
127
effect of steroid hormones
positive feedback of hypothalamo-pituitary tract axis | increase in LH, FSH, testosterone
128
neurotransmitters derived from tyrosine
epinephrine norepinephrine thyroxin
129
body's response to low intravascular volume and high serum osmolarity
increased ADH | stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
130
indirect acting toxic substance
needs to be metabolized by body to produce toxic metabolite | e.g. acetaminophen/paracetamol
131
state in which cell milieu is within narrow range or physiologic parameters and cells is able to maintain normal structure and function
homeostasis
132
apoptitic pathway
triggers -> modulators -> effectors -> substrates -> DEATH
133
triggers of apoptosis
``` loss of GF loss of O2 loss of adhesion activation/occupation of death receptors radiation and chemotherapy ```
134
modulators of apoptosis (7)
FADD, TRADD, FLIP Bcl-2 family and cyt c p53, Mdm2
135
effectors of apoptosis
caspases
136
proteins which degrade other proteins
caspases
137
inactive caspase precursors
procaspases
138
results in irreversible breakdown of nuclear membrane
cleavage of lamin proteins
139
effect of Ras
increases tumor growth | reduces apoptosis
140
viruses inhibiting caspases
CrmA baculovirus p35 Ebstein Barr Viruses
141
increased Bcl-2
usually means poor prognosis
142
determines chemosensitivity
FasL induction with Doxorubicin
143
hallmarks of cancer (12)
``` self-sufficiency in growth signals insensitivity to anti-growth signals tissue invasion and metastasis limitless replicative potential sustained angiogenesis evading apoptosis oxidative stress DNA damage mitotic stress proteotoxic stress metabolic stress evading immune surveillance ```
144
longest phase in the cell cycle
interphase
145
what happens in G1?
organelle duplication without DNA replication
146
what happens in S phase?
semi-conservative DNA replication
147
protein joining sister chromatids
cohesin
148
what happens in G2?
formation of mitotic spindle | increase in cellular content
149
what happens in M phase?
mitosis and cytokinesis
150
stages of mitosis
prophase: chromatin -> chromosome prometaphase: x nuclear membrane, / kinetochores metaphase: chromosomes in the middle anaphase: chromosomes to opposite poles telophase: cytokinesis, chromosome -> chromatin
151
requirements for chromosome transmission
only one centromere functional telomeres chromosomes fully replicated chromosomes adequate size
152
drives cell cycle
CDK
153
CARD 153! Congrats on reaching this far!
I have no more Biochem jokes, but make sure to SMIIILE! =D | Studying is fun! #mantra
154
number of CDK targets in humans
292
155
activate CDK
cyclin
156
cyclin in G1-S transition
cyclin E | cylcin A - more in S phase
157
cyclin in M phase entry
cyclin B
158
cyclin binding early to mid-G1
cyclin D
159
regulation of CDK
cyclin synthesis and destruction phosphorylation binding to CKI (inhibitory proteins)
160
controls cyclin destruction
ubiquitination | cyclin destruction box
161
mitotic phase with highest cyclin B
metaphase
162
mitotic phase with lowest cyclin B
telophase
163
DNA damage checkpoints
late G1 | S phase
164
G2 checkpoint
between G2 and M phases | requires complete DNA synthesis
165
spindle assembly checkpoint
between metaphase and anaphase | requires complete chromosome-spindle attachment
166
prolonged G1 state
G0
167
most frequently mutated CKI in human tumors
p16
168
mutant proto-oncogenes
oncogenes
169
role of p53
tumor suppressor | triggers apoptosis of damaged cells
170
What did the french biochemist do with his twins?
He baptised one and saved the other for a control. @@ Kaloka. Done with this batch. Good luck sa'tin! =D

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