Exam 1: cellular function, immunity, & hematopoietic

Question 1

a cells attempt to prevent its own death through environmental changes

Answer 1

cellular adaptation

Question 2

cellular adaptation that occurs due to decreased work demands on a cell, so cell becomes smaller

Answer 2

atrophy

Question 3

cellular adaptation that occurs due to increased work demands, so cells increase in size

Answer 3

hypertrophy

Question 4

cellular adaptation in which an increased number of cells occur in an organ or tissue
ex. endometrial hyperplasia; over secretion of estrogen

Answer 4

hyperplasia

Question 5

cellular adaptation in which one adult cell is REPLACED by another normal cell type
ex. ciliary changes in a smokers lungs

Answer 5

metaplasia

Question 6

cellular adaptation in which cells mutate into cells of a different size, shape, and appearance (often indicated as precancerous cells)
ex. cervical cells exposed to HPV- cervix begins growing abnormal cells

Answer 6

dysplasia

Question 7

the process by which unwanted cells are eliminated

Answer 7

programmed cell death

Question 8

programmed cell death that usually occurs because of morphologic (structure or form) changes

Answer 8

apoptosis

Question 9

inadequate blood flow to a tissue or organ

Answer 9

ischemia

Question 10

lack of blood flow to the point that cells are left damaged to the point they cannot survive

Answer 10

infarction

Question 11

cellular death caused by injury, disease, or ischemia that causes the cell to swell and burst

Answer 11

necrosis

Question 12

unlike necrosis where the cells swell and burst, what happens during apoptosis ?

Answer 12

cells condense and shrink

Question 13

type of necrosis in which caustic (capable of dissolving) enzymes dissolve or liquify necrotic cells

Answer 13

liquefaction necrosis

Question 14

type of necrosis in which necrotic cells disintegrate, but the cellular debris remain in the area for months or years (cottage cheese-like appearance)

Answer 14

caseous necrosis

Question 15

type of necrosis in which lipase enzymes break down intracellular triglycerides into free fatty acids, which then combine with magnesium, sodium, and calcium to form soaps

Answer 15

fat necrosis

Question 16

which type of necrosis is commonly associated with breast injury or acute pancreatitis?

Answer 16

fat necrosis

Question 17

type of necrosis usually caused by interruption in blood flow

Answer 17

coagulative necrosis

Question 18

this is a type of coagulative necrosis that is characterized by impaired blood flow + bacterial invasion

Answer 18

gangrene

Question 19

where is the most common site of gangrene on the body? why?

Answer 19

the legs: due to arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries)

Question 20

type of gangrene characterized by minimal bacterial presence, and skin appears dry, dark brown, or black

Answer 20

dry gangrene

Question 21

type of gangrene characterized by liquefaction necrosis; wet wound

Answer 21

wet gangrene

Question 22

type of gangrene characterized by bubbles from the tissue, often underneath the skin

Answer 22

gas gangrene

Question 23

these are unstable molecules that are made during normal cell metabolism that create a ripple effect on the stability of the molecules of surrounding cells; can cause cell death

Answer 23

free radicals

Question 24

this forms when a group of cells is no longer responding to normal regulatory process

Answer 24

neoplasm or tumor

Question 25

the disease state associated with uncontrolled division/growth of abnormal cells

Answer 25

cancer

Question 26

loss of differentiation

Answer 26

anaplasia

Question 27

carcinogenesis

Answer 27

process by which cancer develops

Question 28

these tumors are slow growing, progressive, localized, defined, and differentiated

Answer 28

benign

Question 29

to spread from one part of the body to another (usually used when referring to cancerous cells)

Answer 29

metastasize

Question 30

these types of cancers are rapid, metastatic, undifferentiated, and fatal

Answer 30

malignant

Question 31

what are 2 hormones released due to stress?

Answer 31

cortisol and epinephrine

Question 32

what type of stress response is characterized by a cluster of systemic manifestations that represent an attempt to cope with a stressor

Answer 32

general adaptation syndrome

Question 33

which stage of general adaptation syndrome is when sympathetic nervous system is stimulated, and cortisol is released, resulting in flight or fight reaction

Answer 33

alarm stage

Question 34

which stage of general adaptation syndrome is when body chooses most advantageous and most effective defense

Answer 34

resistance stage

Question 35

which stage of general adaptation syndrome is when body becomes damaged or damaged due to prolonged stressor?

Answer 35

exhaustion stage

Question 36

this type of stress response is when the body attempts to limit the damage associated with a stressor by confining it to one location

Answer 36

local adaptation syndrome

Question 37

this type of immunity provides immediate, nonspecific protection

Answer 37

innate immunity

Question 38

this type of immunity takes 7-10 days to provide specific protection from an antigen

Answer 38

adaptive immunity

Question 39

what are the 5 components of the innate immunity?

Answer 39

barriers, inflammatory response, pyrogens, interferons, and complement proteins

Question 40

these are infection-fighting agents, which are usually the first to arrive on the scene of an infection. they are attracted to chemicals released by infected tissue, escape capillary wall, go to site of infection and phagocytize microorganism

Answer 40

neutrophils

Question 41

WBCs that bind immunoglobulin E (IgE- an antibody) & release histamine in anaphylaxis

Answer 41

basophils

Question 42

WBCs involved in allergic reactions

Answer 42

eosinophils

Question 43

cells that mature in bone marrow, where they differentiate into memory cells or immunoglobulin-secreting cells

Answer 43

B cells/lymphocytes

Question 44

these cells eliminate bacteria, neutralize bacterial toxins, prevent viral reinfection, and produce immediate inflammatory response

Answer 44

B Cells/lymphocytes

Question 45

type of cells that stimulate quick response with subsequent exposures to an antigen; they "remember" the antigen as foreign, leading to rapid antibody production

Answer 45

Memory cells

Question 46

WBCs that develop from B cells and produce large volumes of specific antibodies

Answer 46

plasma cells

Question 47

cells produced in the bone marrow and matured in the thymus

Answer 47

T cells/lymphocytes

Question 48

T cells that destroy virus-infected cells by degrading cell walls (aka cytotoxic cells or effector cells)

Answer 48

Killer T cells

Question 49

T cells that activate B cells to produce antibodies

Answer 49

Helper T Cells

Question 50

cells that destroy cancer cells, foreign cells, and virus-infected cells

Answer 50

natural killer lymphocytes

Question 51

these are proteins found in blood and cells of immunity that function as antibodies

Answer 51

immunoglobulins

Question 52

type of immunoglobulin whose main defense is against bacteria; can cross placenta to offer fetus protection

Answer 52

IgG

Question 53

type of immunoglobulin who fights blood infections and triggers additional production of IgG

Answer 53

IgM

Question 54

type of immunoglobulin found in membranes of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract

Answer 54

IgA

Question 55

type of immunoglobulin that protects body through its presence in mucous membranes and skin

Answer 55

IgE

Question 56

type of immunoglobulin present (in small amounts) in the blood and on B cell surfaces; receptor for antigens; anchors cell membranes

Answer 56

IgD

Question 57

what are the three components of blood?

Answer 57

plasma, blood cells, and platelets

Question 58

liquid protein of blood

Answer 58

plasma

Question 59

white blood cells

Answer 59

leukocytes

Question 60

red blood cells

Answer 60

erythrocytes

Question 61

platelets

Answer 61

thrombocytes

Question 62

what is plasma responsible for transporting?

Answer 62

blood cells, antibodies, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, lipids, and waste

Question 63

the oxygen-carrying protein component of RBCs that give blood its red appearance

Answer 63

hemoglobin

Question 64

referring to the amount of erythrocytes in the blood

Answer 64

hematocrit

Question 65

sticky cells that combine with clotting factors to control coagulation

Answer 65

thrombocytes/platelets

Question 66

enzyme that is released from damaged cells that initiates coagulation/clotting

Answer 66

thromboplastin

Question 67

enzyme that dissolves clots once healing has occurred to prevent clogging of circulatory system

Answer 67

plasmin

Question 68

process of blood formation that begins during the first weeks of embryonic development

Answer 68

hematopoiesis

Question 69

what happens to blood cells with increasing age?

Answer 69

they decrease in number and function

Question 70

process that stops bleeding resulting from an injury

Answer 70

hemostasis

Question 71

brief reflex in which the blood vessel narrows to decrease blood flow to the injury and increase blood pressure

Answer 71

vasospasm

Question 72

in coagulation, blood changes from a liquid to a ?

Answer 72

gel

Question 73

what substance do vessels secrete during injury to enhance platelet adherence/stickiness?

Answer 73

von Willebrand factor

Question 74

increased WBC levels (can indicate an active infectious process)

Answer 74

leukocytosis

Question 75

decreased WBC levels (may indicate an immune deficient state)

Answer 75

leukocytopenia

Question 76

condition characterized by a decreased number of circulating neutrophils, inhibiting the body's ability to fight infections

Answer 76

neutropenia

Question 77

condition by which fewer blood cells are made in the marrow

Answer 77

bone marrow suppression

Question 78

kissing disease

Answer 78

mononucleosis

Question 79

what is the most common cause of mononucleosis?

Answer 79

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a type of herpes (human herpesvirus 4)

Question 80

how is mononucleosis transmitted?

Answer 80

commonly through saliva, but also through sneezing and coughing

Question 81

this is a type of blood cancer that develops from lymphatic cells

Answer 81

lymphoma

Question 82

the presence of which cells are associated with Hodgkin Lymphoma

Answer 82

Reed-Sternberg/Hodgkin Cells

Question 83

what are some manifestations of neutropenia?

Answer 83

malaise/general discomfort, chills, fever, and mouth, skin, vaginal, and g.i. ulcerations

Question 84

these are the most common blood cancers

Answer 84

lymphomas

Question 85

what are common manifestations of lymphoma?

Answer 85

enlarged lymph nodes, weight loss, chills, fatigue, chest pain, night sweats, splenomegaly

Question 86

What is the prognosis for individuals with non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

Answer 86

poor

Question 87

cancer of leukocytes, where bone marrow stem cells make abnormal leukocytes

Answer 87

leukemia

Question 88

most common type of leukemia that affects children primarily; responds well to therapy, and has good prognosis

Answer 88

ALL: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Question 89

type of acute leukemia that affects adults primarily; responds fairly well to treatment, and has prognosis slightly worse than ALL

Answer 89

AML: Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Question 90

type of chronic leukemia affecting adults primarily, and responds poorly to treatment, yet most patients live for many years after diagnosis

Answer 90

CLL: Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia

Question 91

type of chronic leukemia affecting adults primarily; responds poorly to chemotherapy, but has improved prognosis with allogenic bone marrow transplant

Answer 91

CML: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Question 92

manifestations of leukemia

Answer 92

leukopenia (low WBCs)- causes frequent infection, anemia, joint swelling, bone pain, anorexia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, CNS disfunction

Question 93

how is leukemia diagnosed/shown in labs?

Answer 93

peripheral blood smears, where leukocytes will be shown OR all/most cellular levels will be low- bone marrow biopsy to determine which type of leukemia

Question 94

cancer of the plasma cells that most affects older adults

Answer 94

multiple myeloma

Question 95

disease characterized by excessive numbers of abnormal plasma cells found in the bone marrow crowding the blood-forming cells and causing *Bence Jones* proteins in the urine

Answer 95

multiple myeloma

Question 96

this is a disease in which Bence Jones proteins can be found in urine, and client may present with anemia, bleeding gums, decreased bone density, bone pain, etc

Answer 96

multiple myeloma

Question 97

hypochromic

Answer 97

paleness of erythrocytes due to iron deficiency

Question 98

condition caused by an impaired oxygen-carrying capacity of erythrocytes

Answer 98

anemia

Question 99

most widespread anemia in the world

Answer 99

iron deficiency anemia

Question 100

what are some causes of iron-deficiency anemia?

Answer 100

inadequate consumption, decreased absorption, bleeding (menstrual cycle)

Question 101

vitamin B12 deficiency/megaloblastic (large, immature erythrocytes) anemia

Answer 101

pernicious anemia

Question 102

type of anemia caused by inadequate production of all blood cells by bone marrow

Answer 102

aplastic anemia

Question 103

what type of anemia is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 103

hemolytic anemia

Question 104

hemoglobin S distorts erythrocytes to have what kind of shape? what condition is this associated with?

Answer 104

crescent sickle cell anemia

Question 105

in sickle cell anemia, if RBCs break apart, why does jaundice occur

Answer 105

bilirubin is released when cells break, making skin yellow

Question 106

rare blood cell disorder in which bone marrow produces too many erythrocytes and leukocytes causing blood to be less mobile

Answer 106

polycythemia vera (pv)

Question 107

increased platelet levels

Answer 107

thrombocytosis

Question 108

decreased platelet levels

Answer 108

thrombocytopenia

Question 109

platelet disease caused by the immune system destroying its own platelets resulting in hypo coagulopathy (causes pinpoint bleeding on skin)

Answer 109

immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP)

Question 110

site of T cell maturation

Answer 110

thymus

Question 111

site of erythropoiesis

Answer 111

bone marrow

Question 112

organ responsible for filtering the blood of damaged or aged erythrocytes

Answer 112

spleen

Question 113

body makes too many platelets

Answer 113

thrombocytosis

Question 114

ability to clot is severely reduced due to lack of clotting factor

Answer 114

hemophilia

Question 115

destruction of RBCs

Answer 115

hemolysis

Question 116

RBCs have less color than normal due to lack of hemoglobin

Answer 116

hypochromic

Question 117

RBCs have high amounts of hemoglobin

Answer 117

hyperchromic

Question 118

RBCs that are larger than normal

Answer 118

macrocytic

Question 119

RBCs smaller than normal

Answer 119

microcytic

Question 120

condition w/ low RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Answer 120

pancytopenia