Exam 1 CF: Ch1 - Cell Health

Question 1

Disease is initiated at the ____ level

Answer 1

cellluar

Question 2

cell is bound by a _____membrane

Answer 2

plasma

Question 3

cell is composed of ____, ____, and a _____

Answer 3

cytoplasm, organelles, and a nucleus

Question 4

Cell nucleus contains genetic material aka

Answer 4

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 5

____ _____ acts as a barrier from cell’s external environment

Answer 5

plasma membrane

Question 6

major component of the plasma membrane is ____ _____ and is semipermiable

Answer 6

phospholipid bilayer

Question 7

When disease alters the plasma membrane’s configuration, excess fluid can enter the cell’s internal environment causing ____ ____

Answer 7

cellular edema.

Question 8

When disease alters the plasma membrane’s configuration, intracellular fluid can leak out of the cell causing ____ ____

Answer 8

cellular dehydration

Question 9

Carbohydrates known as ______ attached to the outer surface of the plasma membrane and serve as surface markers aka ______

Answer 9

glycoproteins; antigens

Question 10

glycoproteins identify between ___ and non____

Answer 10

self and non self

Question 11

For optimal cell function, it is necessary for ____ ions to be higher concentration INSIDE the cell

Answer 11

K+ (Potassium) - relax cells, chill

Question 12

For optimal cell function, it is inecesary for ____ ions to be higher concentration OUTSIDE the cell

Answer 12

Sodium Na+

K+ leak out; Na retained

Question 13

the Na+ K+ pump uses ____ for energcy to move Na and K+ in opposite directions

Answer 13

ATP; this is called active transport

Question 14

For every #__ Na out, #__ K+ pumped in

Answer 14

3;2

Question 15

T: When calcium remains in the heart due to pharmacological intervention the heart’s contraction force is greater

Answer 15

True

Question 16

_____ function to convert organcx nutrients into cell energy in the form of ATP

Answer 16

mitochondria

Question 17

Mitochondria use oxygen to convert organix nutrients into ATP. This is called aerobic. What happens if there is cellular hypoxia?

Answer 17

anaerobic metabolism, aka glycolysis, glucose is used to create energy.

Question 18

Aerobic metabolism yields 34 ATP. How many ATP and what byproduct happen in anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 18

2 ATP; pyruvic acid –> converts to lactic acid

Question 19

Mitochondria come from the mother’s side and have their own distinctive ___

Answer 19

DNA

Question 20

Mitochondria are subject to mutation by oxygen-derived ___ _____

Answer 20

free radicals

Question 21

_____ contain digestive enzymes such as protease, lipase and lysozyme

Answer 21

lysosomes

Question 22

Heterolysis is when….

Answer 22

lysosomes digest/destroy what macrophages eat

Question 23

Proteasomes degrade…

Answer 23

polypeptide changed (protease…protein)

Question 24

Peroxisomes break down ….

Answer 24

fatty acids and free radicals (ox = fat ox…ox, oxygen, free radicals)

Question 25

Network of tubules that function as transport. Two types ____ & ____

Answer 25

smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 26

Rough ER have attached _____ that produce protein

Answer 26

ribosomes

Question 27

Smooth ER produce....

Answer 27

lipid (corticosteroid, oil, phospholipids)

Question 28

Ribosomes are ____ factories

Answer 28

protein

Question 29

Protein synthesis by ribosomes are directed by info received from the _____

Answer 29

nucleus

Question 30

_____ from nucleus acts oas blueprint

Answer 30

messenger (sending a message form the headquarters to the satellite)

Question 31

Proteins leave the ribosome and entere the the packaging/holding plant known as ___ ____

Answer 31

golgi apparatus

Question 32

_____ ______ move to cell's periphery, waiting for the release of their contents into the extracellular spacew

Answer 32

secretory vesicles (secreting vehicles)

Question 33

Actin and myosin are _______

Answer 33

microfilaments (change shape of cell)

Question 34

double stranded helixes aka

Answer 34

nucleotides

Question 35

A is to T as G is to

Answer 35

C

Question 36

in RNA T becomes __

Answer 36

U

Question 37

In DNA replication, there is a two step process that involves 'transcription' and 'translation' ______ us when the double uncoils and one strand becomes RNA template.

Answer 37

transcription | DNA transcribes for RNA

Question 38

____ is sent out of the nucleas

Answer 38

mRNA (a message sent from HQ to satellites)

Question 39

The ribosome _____ the mRNA

Answer 39

translates (translating the message)

Question 40

tRNA does what?

Answer 40

It is the tech who brings the right amino acid needed to create the protein

Question 41

Three nitrogenous bases form a ____ that is interpreted by the ribosome

Answer 41

codon (codons are translated and then used to create protein by the ribosome)

Question 42

_____ is the organelle in which energy is exteacted from food during oxidative metabolism

Answer 42

mitochondrion

Question 43

Proteins are broken down into ___ ____. Starches or carbs are broken down into _____ and fats are broken down into ____ ____

Answer 43

amino acids glucose fatty acids

Question 44

Glycolysis of one glucose molecule forms how many nadh, pyruvate, and ATP

Answer 44

1 Glucose 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate 4 ATP