Exam 1 CF: Ch2 - Cell injury, adapt, maladapt Flashcards
(39 cards)
____ is the original cause of a disease
etiology
What are threats to cells? (etiologies if you will)
Extreme temps, electrical current (cause burns or arrhythmias), alcojol abuse
_____ is the microscopic study of tissues and cells
histology
A ___- extracts a cell sample from an organ or mass of tissue.
biopsy
Histological findings that represent distinct disease processes are referred to as ______changes
pathognomic (stomach lining breached by h pylori is an example).
___ is when the cell adapts by becoming smaller in size
ATROPHY (muscle getting less nutrients will shrink, also lack of stimulation, loss of hormonal stimulation, ischemia and aging)
_____ is an increase in individual cell size (resulting in larger tissue mass)
hypertrophy (like lifting weights, muscle grows to adapt)
exercise can stimulate ______ which is the growth of new blood vessel branches
angiogenisis (like developing a new bicep vein)
What is the difference between physiologic and pathologic hypertrophy?
Physiologic has angiogenesis, whereas pathologic there is increase in cell size but not blood to supply it. (Left heart valve hypertrophy)
inadequate blood flow is
ischemia
What is the differnce between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?
Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells. Hyperplasia is the increase in number of cells.
Hyperplasia only happens in cells capable of ____ division
mitotic
T or F: Hyperplasia is stimulated by hormonal or compensatory cellular mechanisms
T: ex hormonal stimlation of hyperplasia in pregnancy, estrogen stimulates mitotic division of breast gland cells
_____is the replacement of one cell type by another cell type. Often caused by inflammation
Metaplasia ; example gerd
____ are deranged cell growth. Ex: cervical cancer
dysplasia; odd, undifferentiated, no longer differentiated for function like they were to begin with; typically a precursor to cancer
_____ means new growth and usually refers to disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth that is cancerous.
neoplasia (neo = new).
can be benign or malignant
the sodium potassium pumps __na ___ and ___k ____
3 sodium out, 2 potassium in
If the sodium potassium pump i not functioning due to lack of energy, what happens?
cellular sweeling due to sodium retention.
If calcium is not pumped out of the cell what happens?
depletes more energy (worsening cellular edema due to na k pump),, damages plasma membrane, disrupts DNA, and induces cell degeneration
calcium/calcifications where cells are damaged
xanthomas, what looks likebutter under the eye is caused by what?
lipid accumulation in the cells
other examples of accumulation include black lung and bilirubin
genetic damage can be done to cells from what causes?
hypoxia, free radical, physical agents, chemical, infectious, injurious immunological reactions, genetic defects, nutritional imbalances
During hypoxia, the cell enters ____ metabolism
anerobic…generating 2 atp, low energy and pyruvic acid which turns to lactic acid (acidosis). cannot sustain life for a long time. caused be plaques and clots
Free radicals cause ____ stress when not kept in check my cellular mechanisms
oxidative….reperfusion can do damage due to reactive free radicals (clot dissolved –>mitochondria disrupted oxidative phosphorylation by free radicals)
Explain chemical injury…
Hypernatremia can deplete cells.
hyperglycemia –> injures endothelial cells –>
nephrotoxic drugs are another example –> damage tubules
