Exam 1 CF: Ch2 - Cell injury, adapt, maladapt

Question 1

____ is the original cause of a disease

Answer 1

etiology

Question 2

What are threats to cells? (etiologies if you will)

Answer 2

Extreme temps, electrical current (cause burns or arrhythmias), alcojol abuse

Question 3

_____ is the microscopic study of tissues and cells

Answer 3

histology

Question 4

A ___- extracts a cell sample from an organ or mass of tissue.

Answer 4

biopsy

Question 5

Histological findings that represent distinct disease processes are referred to as ______changes

Answer 5

pathognomic (stomach lining breached by h pylori is an example).

Question 6

___ is when the cell adapts by becoming smaller in size

Answer 6

ATROPHY (muscle getting less nutrients will shrink, also lack of stimulation, loss of hormonal stimulation, ischemia and aging)

Question 7

_____ is an increase in individual cell size (resulting in larger tissue mass)

Answer 7

hypertrophy (like lifting weights, muscle grows to adapt)

Question 8

exercise can stimulate ______ which is the growth of new blood vessel branches

Answer 8

angiogenisis (like developing a new bicep vein)

Question 9

What is the difference between physiologic and pathologic hypertrophy?

Answer 9

Physiologic has angiogenesis, whereas pathologic there is increase in cell size but not blood to supply it. (Left heart valve hypertrophy)

Question 10

inadequate blood flow is

Answer 10

ischemia

Question 11

What is the differnce between hypertrophy and hyperplasia?

Answer 11

Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells. Hyperplasia is the increase in number of cells.

Question 12

Hyperplasia only happens in cells capable of ____ division

Answer 12

mitotic

Question 13

T or F: Hyperplasia is stimulated by hormonal or compensatory cellular mechanisms

Answer 13

T: ex hormonal stimlation of hyperplasia in pregnancy, estrogen stimulates mitotic division of breast gland cells

Question 14

_____is the replacement of one cell type by another cell type. Often caused by inflammation

Answer 14

Metaplasia ; example gerd

Question 15

____ are deranged cell growth. Ex: cervical cancer

Answer 15

dysplasia; odd, undifferentiated, no longer differentiated for function like they were to begin with; typically a precursor to cancer

Question 16

_____ means new growth and usually refers to disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled proliferative cell growth that is cancerous.

Answer 16

neoplasia (neo = new).

can be benign or malignant

Question 17

the sodium potassium pumps __na ___ and ___k ____

Answer 17

3 sodium out, 2 potassium in

Question 18

If the sodium potassium pump i not functioning due to lack of energy, what happens?

Answer 18

cellular sweeling due to sodium retention.

Question 19

If calcium is not pumped out of the cell what happens?

Answer 19

depletes more energy (worsening cellular edema due to na k pump),, damages plasma membrane, disrupts DNA, and induces cell degeneration

calcium/calcifications where cells are damaged

Question 20

xanthomas, what looks likebutter under the eye is caused by what?

Answer 20

lipid accumulation in the cells

other examples of accumulation include black lung and bilirubin

Question 21

genetic damage can be done to cells from what causes?

Answer 21

hypoxia, free radical, physical agents, chemical, infectious, injurious immunological reactions, genetic defects, nutritional imbalances

Question 22

During hypoxia, the cell enters ____ metabolism

Answer 22

anerobic…generating 2 atp, low energy and pyruvic acid which turns to lactic acid (acidosis). cannot sustain life for a long time. caused be plaques and clots

Question 23

Free radicals cause ____ stress when not kept in check my cellular mechanisms

Answer 23

oxidative….reperfusion can do damage due to reactive free radicals (clot dissolved –>mitochondria disrupted oxidative phosphorylation by free radicals)

Question 24

Explain chemical injury…

Answer 24

Hypernatremia can deplete cells.

hyperglycemia –> injures endothelial cells –>

nephrotoxic drugs are another example –> damage tubules

Question 25

Examples of infectious agents of injury to cells?

Answer 25

HPV

H. Pylori

Question 26

Injurious immunological reactions include

Answer 26

inflammation, allergies, RA

Question 27

The most significant injurious agents of endothelial cells are…

Answer 27

hypertension, DM, free radicals, persistent release of Angiotensin 2, and LDL

Question 28

A weakened area in the arterial wall is called an _____

Answer 28

aneurysm

Question 29

How does diabetes lead to arteriosclerosis…

Answer 29

advanced glycation –> further undermines endothelial tissues –>stimulates release of endothelin (a vasoconstrictor)–> causes narrowing –> comes the atheroscerlosis process

Question 30

Nicotine is a vaso

Answer 30

constricter

Question 31

Nitric oxide is a vaso_____ that is decreased during atherosclerosis

Answer 31

vasodilator

Question 32

Which cell death is the positive one with no side effect? necrosis or apoptosis?

Answer 32

apoptosis (requires energy, good thing like shedding of lining or webbing between fingers for fetus)

Question 33

what happens when fails do not go through apoptosis?

Answer 33

BPH, hashimotos,

Question 34

necrosis is irreversible. What happens that causes necrosis?

Answer 34

cell membrane disruption/disintegration, chromatin fragmentation, lysosomal activation, and lysis.

Question 35

____ is also called ischemic necrosis

Answer 35

infarction

Question 36

if the patient cannot live with injured cells, what can we do?

Answer 36

transplant, stem cells, cloning

Question 37

What is reversible cell injury?

Answer 37

• It is reversible up to a certain point
• Alteration of homeostasis
• Recovery and return to normal when the stressor or injurious stimuli are removed

Fatty deposits in the liver, hypernatremia

Question 38

Mechanism of cell injury…

Answer 38

Example NaK pump stops working…. sodium cannot pump out, water drawn in, calcium stuck in and stops making protein. Eventually plasma membrane ruptures

Question 39

Difference between glycolysis, tca, oxidative….

Answer 39

They are a sequence –> first glycolysis breaks down a molecule of glucose into 2nadh/2 pyru/4 atp = energy needed for krebs and etc

In order for pyruvate to be used it must become ATP through Krebs.