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Sociology > Exam 1 (ch. 1, 2 + 3) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (ch. 1, 2 + 3) Flashcards

1
Q

using imaginative thought to ask and answer sociological questions

A

Sociological Imagination

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2
Q

the underlying regularities or patterns in how people behave in their relationships with one another

A

Social Structure

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3
Q

an idea/practice that a group of people agree exists

A

Social Construction

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4
Q

process thru which children develop an awareness of social norms/values

A

Socialization

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5
Q

(Durkheim)

the aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals

A

Social Facts

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6
Q

(Durkheim)

social cohesion that results from the various parts of society functioning as a whole

A

Organic Solidarity

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7
Q

(Durkheim)

the conditioning influence on our behavior of the groups and societies of which we are members

A

Social Constraint

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8
Q

the specialization of work tasks (ex. by gender)

A

Division of Labor

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9
Q

(Durkheim)

a situation in which social norms lose their hold over an individual’s behavior

A

Anomie

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10
Q

(Marx)

view that material or economic factors have a prime role in determining historical change

A

Materialist Conception of History

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11
Q

economic system based on private ownership of wealth; which is invested and reinvested to produce profit

A

Capitalism

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12
Q

type of organization with a clear hierarchy of authority w/ written rules and procedures

A

Bureaucracy

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13
Q

(Weber)
process by which modes of precise calculation and organization involving abstract rules and procedures increasingly come to dominate the social world

A

Rationalization

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14
Q

(Mead)

emphasizes role of symbols/language as core elements of human interaction

A

Symbolic Interactionism

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15
Q

something used to represent something else

A

Symbol

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16
Q

theory based on the idea that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform

A

Functionalism

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17
Q

the functions of a type of social activity that are known to and intended by the individuals involved in the activity

A

Manifest Functions

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18
Q

functional consequences that are not intended or recognized by members of the social system in which they occur

A

Latent Functions

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19
Q

body of thought created from the ideas of Karl Marx

A

Marxism

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20
Q

ability of individuals to achieve aims or further their interests

A

Power

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21
Q

shared ideas that justify the intents of dominant groups

A

Ideologies

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22
Q

explain gender inequality in society and work to overcome it

A

Feminist Theory

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23
Q

theory that an individual’s choices maximize self-interest

A

Rational Choice Approach

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24
Q

belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress; cyber world connects people

A

Post Modernism

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25
Q

study of human behavior in context to face-to-face interaction

A

Microsociology

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26
Q

study of large scale groups, organization, and social systems

A

Macrosociology

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27
Q

statement that organizes a set of concepts by explaining the relationships between them

A

Theory

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28
Q

Structural Functionalism

A
  • Durkheim, Comte, Merton
  • society is composed of parts
  • parts are interrelated to each other
  • change in one part affects the other part
  • rapid change is disruptive to society
  • society is based on consensus/moral order
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29
Q

Thoery?

  • Durkheim, Comte, Merton
  • society is composed of parts
  • parts are interrelated to each other
  • change in one part affects the other part
  • rapid change is disruptive to society
  • society is based on consensus/moral order
A

Structural Functionalism

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30
Q

Conflict Theory

A
  • Marx, Mills
  • conflict is inevitable in society
  • scare resources become the source of conflict (status, wealth, power)
  • order is imposed in society by the power classes
  • dominated classes have false consciousness
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31
Q

Theory?

  • Marx, Mills
  • conflict is inevitable in society
  • scare resources become the source of conflict (status, wealth, power)
  • order is imposed in society by the power classes
  • dominated classes have false consciousness
A

Conflict Theory

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32
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A
  • Mead

- focus on symbols used in everyday life

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33
Q

Unique Approach

A
  • Weber
  • focus on social change thru non-material means
  • humans create and use ideas and values which promote change
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34
Q
  • Weber
  • focus on social change thru non-material means
  • humans create and use ideas and values which promote change
A

Unique Approach

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35
Q

Founders:

Marineau

A

proclaimed USA is not a society with equality between the sexes and races

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36
Q

Founders:

W.E.B. Du Bois

A

blamed the inferior position of blacks on discrimination by whites

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37
Q

Research Method:

Casual Analysis

A

attempt to establish that changes in variable A causes changes in variable B

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38
Q

characteristics which varies or changes values

A

Variable

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39
Q

believed to cause changes in the dependent variable

A

Independent Variable

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40
Q

depends on changes in the independent variable in order to change

A

Dependent Variable

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41
Q

when on variable changes the other must change as well

A

Correlation

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42
Q

the independent variable needs to occur or change before the dependent variable changes

A

Time Order

43
Q

other explanations for changes in the dependent variable must be ruled out

A

Rule Out Spuriousness

44
Q

group which receives exposure to the independent variable

A

Experimental Group

45
Q

group which does not get exposed to the independent variable

A

Control Group

46
Q

subjects must be randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group

A

Randomization

47
Q

subjects do not behave normally because they know research is occuring

A

Hawthorne Effect

48
Q

Survey Methods:

3

A

Questionnaire
Interview
Longitudinal Study

49
Q

list of carefully constructed questions which generate data for analysis

A

Questionnaire

50
Q

collecting data on subjects at two or more points in time in order to conduct stronger causal analysis

A

Longitudinal Study

51
Q

researcher participates in the behavior of those being studied

A

Participant Observation

52
Q

researcher simply observes the behavior of those being studied

A

Detached Observation

53
Q

use of recording devices to capture verbal or audio data

A

Enhanced Observation

54
Q

should the researcher break the law if research subject break it?

A

Ethical Issues

55
Q

a small number of targeted research subjects are gathered and researchers conduct a focused question and answer session with them carefully recording results

A

Focus Groups

56
Q

analysis of existing historical data

A

Historical Research

57
Q

data are derived from an analysis of documents (magazines, newspapers, books, commercials, etc.)

A

Content Analysis

58
Q

analysis of existing data such as Census Bureau data

A

Secondary Research

59
Q

combining two or more research methods in order to acquire the advantages and reduce disadvantages of each one

A

Triangulation

60
Q

ideas or guesses about a given state of affairs

A

Hypothesis

61
Q

firsthand study of people using participant observation or interviewing

A

Ethnography

62
Q

method of research in which questionnaires are administered to the population being studied

A

Survey

63
Q

the people who are the focus of social research

A

Population

64
Q

a trial run in survey research

A

Pilot Study

65
Q

a small proportion of a larger population

A

Sample

66
Q

studying a proportion of individuals from a larger population as representative of a population as a whole

A

Sampling

67
Q

sampling method in which a sample is chosen so that every member of the population ahas the same probability of being included

A

Random Sampling

68
Q

research method in which variable can be analyzed in a controlled and systematic way

A

Experiment

69
Q

measure of the degree of correlation between variables

A

Correlation Coefficients

70
Q

number that appears most often in a given set of data

A

Mode

71
Q

number that falls halways in a range of numbers

A

Median

72
Q

a way of calculating the spread of a group of figures

A

Standard Deviation

73
Q

research that compares one set of finding on sone society with the same type of findings on other societies

A

Comparative Research

74
Q

the systematic study of the physical world

A

Science

75
Q

factual inquiries carried out in an area of sociological study

A

Empirical Investigation

76
Q

all that is learned and shared by members of a society

A

Culture

77
Q

values or behaviors shared by all human cultures

A

Cultural Universals

78
Q

physical objects made by humans

A

Material

79
Q

abstract creations made by humans

A

Non-material

80
Q

shared rules or guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior

A

Norms

81
Q

socially approved sexual relationship between two people

A

Marriage

82
Q

group of people who live in a particular place and are subject to a common system of political authority

A

Society

83
Q

ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad

A

Values

84
Q

the physical objects that a society creates that influence the ways in which people live

A

Material Culture

85
Q

how people are expected to behave

A

Cultural Norms

86
Q

how people actually behave

A

Statistical Norms

87
Q

a norm which exists in virtually all known cultures

A

Cultural Universal Norms

88
Q

conformity is somewhat expected

ex. do not pick your nose in public

A

Low Conformity (Folkway)

89
Q

conformity is highly expected

ex. do not eat people

A

High Conformity (Taboo)

90
Q

tendency to judge other cultures by standards of one own’s culture

A

Ethnocentrism

91
Q

practice of judging a society by its own standards

A

Cultural Relativism

92
Q

groups in large society which hold values and norms which are different from the majority

A

Subculture

93
Q

perspective which promotes appreciating the diversity of cultures and their equality

A

Multiculturalism

94
Q

Types of Societies:

  1. Primitive Hunting and Gathering
  2. Agricultural/Pastoral
  3. Non-Industrial Civilization
  4. Industrial/Global
A
  1. hunt/gather
  2. based on domestication of plants/animals
  3. classes develop, high inequality
  4. mechanized production of goods
95
Q

primary vehicle of meaning and communication in society

A

Language

96
Q

any vehicle of meaning and communication

A

Signifier

97
Q

study of the ways in which nonlinguistic phenomena can generate meaning

A

Semiotics

98
Q

recent emphasis on the importance of understanding the role of culture in daily life

A

Cultural Turn

99
Q

process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories

A

Colonialism

100
Q

the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population in which the new group takes on the values of the dominant culture

A

Assimilation

101
Q

condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life

A

Multiculturalism

102
Q

fixed patterns of behavior that have genetic origins

A

Instincts

103
Q

set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community

A

Nationalism

104
Q

an approach that attempts to explain the behavior of animals/humans in terms of biological principles

A

Sociobiology

Sociology (9 decks)

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