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Personality Theory > Exam 1: Ch 1-3 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ch 1-3 Flashcards

1
Q

Paradigm

A

Basic approaches that are asking different questions about people

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2
Q

Trait approach

A

How do people differ in their personalities, behavior, and the psychological processes behind them? The dominant approach right now

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3
Q

Biological approach

A

How can we understand the mind in terms so of the body, including the brain? Considers biochemistry, neuroanatomy, genetics, and evolution

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4
Q

Psychoanalytic approach

A

What internal conflicts are happening in the unconscious? Based on the writings of Freud

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5
Q

Phenomenological approach

A

Focuses on people’s conscious experience of the world. Emphases on experience, free will, and the meaning of life. Closely related to humanistic psychology and exstentialism

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6
Q

Humanistic approach

A

How conscious awareness produces uniquely human attributes; finding meaning and the basis of happiness. Closely related to phenomenological approach and existentialism.

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7
Q

Cross-cultural approach

A

How the experience of reality might be different across cultures. Subsect of phenomenological approach

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8
Q

Learning and cognitive processes approach

A

How cognitive processes, including perception, memory, and thought are involved in learning. Learning is used here looking at how behavior changes as a result of learned associations, rewards, punishments, and other life experiences.

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9
Q

Classic behaviorism

A

Focuses on evoked behavior, i.e. how the environment molds us

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10
Q

Social learning

A

How observation, self-evaluation, and vicarious learning determine behavior

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11
Q

The goal of personality psychology

A

To explain the whole person in his or her daily environment

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12
Q

Behaviorism

A

Focuses on how behavior changes as a function of rewards and punishments

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13
Q

Funder’s First Law

A

Great strengths are usually great weaknesses and, and vice versa

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14
Q

Psychological triad

A

Thoughts, feelings, behaviors

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15
Q

Funder’s Third Law

A

“Something beats nothing, two times out of three”

Meaning: gather as many clues as possible and put them together

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16
Q

S-Data

A

Self-judgments and Self-Reports. Usually in the form of questionnaires or surveys. High face validity.

Advantages: Large amount of info, access the thought, feelings, and intentions. Definitional truth (like self-esteem). Causal force (creates reality, can be thought of as self-efficacy). Simple and easy

Disadvantages: Bias, error, too simple and easy

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17
Q

Self-verification

A

The phenomenon that people work hard to bring others to treat the, in a manner that confirms their self-conception

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18
Q

Fish and water effect

A

Fish do not realize that they are wet. This can be applied to humans and serves as a disadvantage of S-data in that people may fail to realize traits of themselves if it is simply now part of their “nature.”

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19
Q

I-data

A

Data about someone from informants

Advantages: Lots of info, real-world basis. Considers common sense by taking context into account. Definitional truth (ex: likeable). Causal force (reputation affect opportunities and expectancies, expectancy affects/behavioral confirmation)

Disadvantages: Limited behavioral information, lack of access to private experience, error (more likely to remember behaviors that are extreme, unusual, or emotionally arousing), bias (letter of recommendation effect, prejudices and stereotypes)

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20
Q

L-Data

A

Life outcomes - Verifiable, concrete, real-life facts that may hold psychological significance. The “residue” of personality (how someone has affected the world)

Advantages: Not prone to biases like S and I, objective and verifiable, psychological relevance

Disadvantages: Multidetermination (outcomes have many causes)

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21
Q

B-Data

A

Behavior data: Observations of daily life (natural) or in a lab (experimental), can be from certain kinds of personality tests

Advantages: Range of contexts, appearance of objectivity

Disadvantages: Difficult and expensive, uncertain interpretation

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22
Q

Funder’s Second Law

A

There are no perfect indicators of personality; there are only clues and clues are always ambiguous

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23
Q

Physiological measures are an example of __-Data

A

B-data because HR, blood pressure, etc. are all things that a patient “does”

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24
Q

Natural B-Data

A

The ideal way to collect B data would be to set up surveillance cameras and observe subjects without them knowing…can be unethical. Alternatives include diary and experience-sampling methods

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25
Q

Beeper Method

A

A form of experience-sampling in which participants wore radio-controlled pages that beeped several times per day. After each beep, they had to write down what they were doin

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26
Q

Behavioroid

A

Test in which subjects report what they would do in the described situation. A hybrid of B and S data

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27
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of results of a test given consistent inputs

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28
Q

Measurement error

A

The cumulative effect of external factors on the outcome of a test. The lower this error, the more reliable a test is (more robust)

29
Q

Four factors in psychology that undermine reliability

A

Low precision, the state of the participant, the state of the experimenter, events in the environment during the study

30
Q

Techniques to improve reliability

A

Be careful with research procedure, enforce a standardized research protocol, measure something important, aggregation (averaging)

31
Q

The more error-filled your measurements are, the ____ of them you need

A

more

32
Q

Validity

A

The degree to which a measurement actually measures what it claims to assess. Reliability is a necessary but not sufficient condition for validity

33
Q

Construct

A

An intangible framework that affects and helps explain things that are visible. Ex: gravity, intelligence, personality, sociability

34
Q

Construct validation

A

Testing a hypothesis that a certain construct is responsible for certain behaviors. Ex: giving people a sociability test and then counting their number of FB friends and the number of parties they attend in a week. If they all tend to pick out individuals as being highly sociable, then you might start to believe that each of them has some degree of validity as a measure of sociability

35
Q

Generalizability

A

The degree to which a measurement can be found under diverse circumstances, like time, context, participant population, and so on. Combines the aspects of reliability and validity.

36
Q

Limitations of generalizability

A

Gender Bias: Women are more likely than men to signup for psych studies

Show vs No-Shows: Results can only be obtained from participants that show up to the study. Only a problem if the groups of show and no-show are different

Ethnic and Cultural Diversity: Studies MUST include sufficient representation of all ethnic groups in the sample if the researcher wants wide application of their results across ethnic/cultural lines

37
Q

Case method

A

Studying a particular phenomenon or individual in-depth, both to understand the particular case and to discover general lessons or scientific laws

38
Q

Experimental method

A

Research technique that establishes causal relationship between an independent variable and dependent variable by randomly assigning participants to experimental groups characterized by differing levels of x, and measuring the average behavior that results in each group

39
Q

Personality

A

Patterns of behavior: motives, intentions, goals, strategies, and how people perceive and construct the world

40
Q

MMPI

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. One of the most widely used tests in the world. Has been used in assessment of psychological difficulties and job screening.

Yields B data because it presents items like “I prefer a shower to a bath” to which the subject must agree or disagree

41
Q

CPI

A

California Psychological Inventory. Similar to MMPI, but for “normal” individuals

42
Q

16PF

A

Sixteen personality factor questionnaire

43
Q

SVIB

A

Strong Vocational Interest Blank. Used to help people choose suitable careers

44
Q

HPI

A

Hogan Personality Inventory. Used by employers for personnel selection

45
Q

Omnibus inventories

A

Tests that measure a wide range of personality traits

46
Q

NEO Personality Inventory

A

Measures 5 broad traits along with 30 subscales of facets

47
Q

Self-monitoring scale

A

Asks how closely you watch other people for cures on how to behave

48
Q

Attributional complexity scale

A

Asks about the level of complexity in your thinking about the causes of behavior

49
Q

Projective tests

A

Based on the theory that if a subject is asked to interpret a meaningless or ambiguous stimulus, their reaction is not due to the stimulus, rather a projection of their needs, feelings, experiences, though processes, and other hidden aspects of the mind

50
Q

Thematic Apperception Test

A

The task is to make up stories about a series of realistic-looking pictures. The subject’s “implicit motives” are alluded to through the themes of the story. the subject many not be previously aware of these himself.

This is the only one of the projective tests that is scored using a standardized system.

A similar, shorter version is now used. This is the PSE

51
Q

NHST

A

Null hypothesis significance testing: the traditional method of statistical data analysis that determines the chance of getting the result if there were no relationship of interest.

Disadvantages: can be difficult to describe, criterion for significance is an arbitrary rule of thumb, nonsignificant results can sometimes be misinterpreted as “no result”, and it only protects against false positives (type I errors)

52
Q

P-level

A

Probability of obtaining a result from a statistical test if there really is no difference between groups or no relationship between variables

53
Q

Null hypothesis

A

The possibility of zero result

54
Q

Population value

A

The “real” value. If this is less than the probability that differences DO occur by chance (which is the p value), then the difference is significant, meaning there is some kind of relationship going on.

55
Q

Type I error

A

False positive

There is believed to be a result when there actually is not

56
Q

Type II error

A

False negative

It is decided that there is no effect when there actually is

57
Q

Effect size

A

Reflects the magnitude of the significance of results/differences. Measured by correlation coefficient

58
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Between -1 and +1. Illustrates the strength and direction of a relationship

59
Q

Binomial Effect Size Display

A

Shows how much of an effect an experimental intervention is likely to have, and how well one can predict an outcome from an individual measurement of difference

60
Q

Replication

A

Examines the stability of results by getting the same results repeatedly with difference participants and in different labs. Combats publication bias and extrapolation of small, questionable studies (small sample sizes, p-hacking

61
Q

Daryl Bem and his “prerecognition” study

A

A study that examines subjects’ ability to react to stimuli presented in the future. No one could recreate his findings, so it was suggested that he only published studies that successfully illustrated prerecognition

62
Q

Diedrik Stapel

A

Accused of fraudulent research because he literally faked his data

63
Q

Questionable research practices

A

(QPRs) - increase the chances of obtaining the result the researcher desires. Such practices include deleting unusual responses, adjusting results to remove the influence of seemingly extraneous factors, and neglecting to report variables or experimental conditions that failed to yield expected results. Not always wrong to do, but should always be reported, reasoned, and questioned

64
Q

Publication bias

A

The fact that studies with strong results are more likely to be published than studies with weak results - leads to a published literature that makes effects seem stronger than they really are.

65
Q

Woodworth Personality Data Sheet

A

A bank of questions relevant to specific psychological issues

66
Q

Rational Method

A

Design of objective tests using items that seem directly obvious and rationally related to what the creator of the test wishes to measure

67
Q

Factor Analytic Method

A

Uses factor analysis to identify groups of items that seem to have something in common. Involves administering items to a large number of subjects and then calculating correlation coefficients to find correlations between outcomes. Consider what a pair of outcomes has in common and then name the factor. Has been used to deiced how many fundamental traits exist

68
Q

The Big Five

A

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

69
Q

What fraction does the Spearman-Brown Formula predict?

A

The increase in reliability you get when you add equivalent items to a test.

Personality Theory (4 decks)

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