Exam 1 Ch 1- Essential Concepts

Question 1

all things are either-

Answer 1

matter or energy

Question 2

matter-

Answer 2

anything that occupies space & has mass

Question 3

building blocks of matter are-

Answer 3

atoms & molecules

Question 4

mass-

Answer 4

amount of matter in an object

Question 5

kilogram-

Answer 5

scientific unit of mass

Question 6

weight-

Answer 6

measurement of gravity on an object

Question 7

energy-

Answer 7

ability to do work

Question 8

mass & weight are considered-

Answer 8

equal on earth (ARE NOT THE SAME)

Question 9

mass of an object can be transformed from-

Answer 9

one shape to another (solid, liquid, gas)

Question 10

energy measured in-

Answer 10

-joules
-can also exist in several forms

Question 11

potential energy-

Answer 11

ability to do work by position

Question 12

kinetic energy-

Answer 12

energy of motion

Question 13

chemical energy-

Answer 13

released by chemical reaction

Question 14

electrical energy-

Answer 14

work that can be done when electron/electric charge moves through an electric potential difference

Question 15

thermal energy (heat)-

Answer 15

energy of motion at molecular level

Question 16

nuclear energy-

Answer 16

ability to split apart atoms to create energy

Question 17

nuclear energy found-

Answer 17

in the nucleus of an atom

Question 18

electromagnetic energy found in-

Answer 18

x-rays

Question 19

electromagnetic energy aka-

Answer 19

electromagnetic radiation

Question 20

electromagnetic energy travels-

Answer 20

in wave forms & acts like visible light in some ways

Question 21

ionizing radiation-

Answer 21

any radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from at atom it interacts with

Question 22

ion-

Answer 22

atom that has a charge

Question 23

radiation-

Answer 23

energy emitted & transferred through space

Question 24

matter that absorbs radiation is said to be-

Answer 24

irradiated or exposed

Question 25

ionization-

Answer 25

-adding/removing an electron from an atom -x-rays cause a removal of an orbit electron creating an ion pair

Question 26

only forms of electromagnetic radiation-

Answer 26

x-rays, gamma rays, & some ultraviolet light w: enough energy to ionize

Question 27

4 components of naturally occurring ionizing radiation-

Answer 27

-cosmic rays -terrestrial radiation -radionuclides in the body (internally deposited radionuclides) -radon (largest)

Question 28

5 manmade ionizing radiation-

Answer 28

-diagnostic x-rays (largest) -nuclear power generator -research applicator -industrial sources -consumer items

Question 29

difference b/w gamme & x- radiation-

Answer 29

only a source where they originate

Question 30

gamma radiation originates-

Answer 30

inside nucleus

Question 31

x-radiation originates-

Answer 31

in electron shells

Question 32

discovered x-rays-

Answer 32

Wilhelm Rontgen

Question 33

Rontgen discovered x-ray by-

Answer 33

studying cathode rays in a crook's tube

Question 34

crooks tube-

Answer 34

plate coated w: barium platinocyanide (fluorescent material)

Question 35

Rontgen called x-rays-

Answer 35

x-light

Question 36

Rontgen awarded first-

Answer 36

nobel prize in physics

Question 37

Rontgen produced first medical x-ray in-

Answer 37

1896

Question 38

3 things that make Rontgen's discovery significant-

Answer 38

-was an accident -at least 12 other physicists had witnessed x-ray w/out recognizing their importance -in ab a month he described nearly all properties we know today

Question 39

3 general types of x-ray exams-

Answer 39

-radiography -fluoroscopy -CT

Question 40

radiography-

Answer 40

uses solid state IR & x-ray tube mounted to ceiling on tracks allowing tube to be moved anywhere

Question 41

Fluoroscopy-

Answer 41

uses x-ray tube located under exam table supporting the patient

Question 42

CT-

Answer 42

uses rotating x-ray source & detector array

Question 43

Michael Pupin-

Answer 43

demonstrated use of intensifying screens

Question 44

Charles Leonard-

Answer 44

double emulsion film

Question 45

replaced glass-

Answer 45

cellulose nitrate

Question 46

Thomas Edison-

Answer 46

-invented fluoroscopy -Clarency Dally died as a result of his experiment)

Question 47

William Rollins-

Answer 47

collimation & flitration

Question 48

development of ______ & ________ brought x-ray to masses-

Answer 48

-snooks transformer -coolidge tube

Question 49

first radiation fatality in US-

Answer 49

-1940 -epilation, skin burns, & anemia

Question 50

radiologist developed-

Answer 50

blood disorders at higher rate than peers (protective apparel began being used)

Question 51

x-ray workers were provided w:-

Answer 51

radiation monitors & were routinely observed for radiation induced changes

Question 52

NCRP-

Answer 52

recommended exposure limits

Question 53

ICRP-

Answer 53

introduced ALARA

Question 54

10 commandments of radiation protection-

Answer 54

1.) Understand & use cardinal principles 2.) Don’t allow familiarity to become false security 3.) Never stand in primary beam 4.) Always wear protective apparel 5.) Always wear a radiation monitor outside protective apron 6.) Never hold a patient 7.) Provide protective apparel to whoever holds patient 8.) Use gonadal shielding 9.) Exams of pelvis & lower abdomen of pregnant female should be avoided 10.) Always collimate to smallest field size appropriate

Question 55

ALARA-

Answer 55

-As Low As Reasonably Achievable -all x-ray imaging must be ordered by physician -exposure must have specific benefit -exposure must be kept ALARA -individual dose limits should remain below maximum allowed

Question 56

Radiation Protection devices:

Answer 56

-clothing worn, protective apparel, & gonadal shielding -protective barriers -filtration -collimation -good positioning skills

Question 57

protective barriers-

Answer 57

-construct of room & hospital -led curtains, bucky slot cover

Question 58

filtration-

Answer 58

-uses copper & aluminum -primary beam passes through that first & removes low energy photons

Question 59

collimation-

Answer 59

-field size -prevents production of scatted

Question 60

Air Kerma-

Answer 60

-ionization in air -unit of radiation exposure -Gya

Question 61

Gray-

Answer 61

-absorbed dose -in tissue -Gyt

Question 62

Sievert-

Answer 62

-unit of occupational radiation exposure & effective dose -Sv

Question 63

Becquerel-

Answer 63

-unit of radioactivity -Bq

Question 64

Medical Imaging Team-

Answer 64

-accredited programs that follow similar curriculum -general body of knowledge should be the same -JRCERT & ARRT

Question 65

scope of practice-

Answer 65

affiliation of things you can do in your scope of practice