EXAM 1 - ch1 - historical prespectives

Question 1

Trephining/Trephination

Answer 1

The ancient practice of burring holes or removing part of the skull to let out demons (also used to treat migraines, lol). 3500 B.C.

Question 2

Treatment for “Witches and Possession”

Answer 2

exorcism, torture, religious services, shocking/scaring out spirits (e.g., hang patient over snake pit)

Question 3

Tarantism

Answer 3

(widespread in Italy in the 15th to 17th centuries)
People “dancing”/uncontrollable body movements; thought to be caused by the bite of the tarantula and the notion that the dance would prevent death from a bite of a tarantula. (“dancing mania”). (Likely not caused by the bite itself but by mass hysteria).

Question 4

Modern mass hysteria

Answer 4

Emotion contagion (one person’s emotions and accompanying behaviors trigger similar emotions and behaviors in other persons)

Question 5

Lunacy

Answer 5

The moon and the stars (16th century)
Paracelsus (1493-1541): Swiss physician suggested that intermittent mental health problems are affected by pull of moon and stars
Led to term “lunatic”

Question 6

Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.)

Answer 6

The Father of modern Western medicine
Linked abnormality with brain chemical imbalances
Foreshadowed modern views
Developed the earliest Classification System
Posited that 4 humors (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm) were imbalanced
He treated the imbalance by changing environmental conditions (e.g., reducing heat) or bloodletting/vomiting

Question 7

Melancholia

Answer 7

depression

Question 8

Mania

Answer 8

bipolar disorder

Question 9

Phrenitis

Answer 9

schizophrenia

Question 10

Sanguine:

Answer 10

blood, cheerful and optimistic, insomnia and delirium caused by too much blood in the brain

Question 11

Melancholic:

Answer 11

black bile, depressive

Question 12

Choleric:

Answer 12

yellow bile, hot tempered

Question 13

Franz Gall (1758-1828)

Answer 13

German Physiologist/neuroanatomist
Phrenology
27 personality traits are located on certain brain areas (e.g. religiosity; combativeness)
Would assess “mental faculties” by measuring these areas on the skull

Question 14

Emil Kraepelin (1856 -1926),

Answer 14

German psychiatrist
Wrote the Textbook of Psychiatry
His classification system is credited as the basis for our current system
Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Dementia Praecox 
Identified  syndromes or
patterns of many other symptoms 
too. e.g.psychopathic personalities),  
FATHER OF PSYCHIATRY

Question 15

General paresis

Answer 15

syphilis

Bolstered the view that mental illness = physical illness

Question 16

Major tranquilizers discovered mid-20th C

Answer 16

Thorazine

Question 17

Minor tranquilizers

Answer 17

benzodiazepines

Question 18

Electric shock

Answer 18

Treatments

Question 19

Crude surgery

Answer 19

labotomies (eye, sharp tool to frontal lobe)

Question 20

Insulin

Answer 20

discovered by accident to calm psychotic patients

Question 21

Phillipe Pinel at LaBicetre

Answer 21

advocated that patients in his hospital be unshackeled in the late 1700’s/early 1800’s

Question 22

Dorothea Dix

Answer 22

advocated for treatment hospitals for the mentally ill in the 1840’s

Question 23

Benjamin Rush

Answer 23

led reforms in U.S.
Asylum reform > more patients getting care
Moral therapy declined because it became more difficult to do with large groups of patients
Soon this was followed by the emergence of competing alternative psychological models