exam 1 chap 1-3 Flashcards
(251 cards)
1
Q
What organ(s) is/are critical for water absorption?
A
Omasum, small intestine, large intestine
2
Q
Milk consumed by young, nursing ruminant animals is not fermented in the rumen. Why?
A
milk is sent directly to omasum via reticular groove
3
Q
Mark all of the following portions of the digestive system that are critical for particle size reduction.
A
teeth, ventriculus in birds
4
Q
Which organ plays the most critical role in nutrient metabolism?
Group of answer choices
A
liver
5
Q
Which of the following products of fermentation is used by the host animal for its own needs?
A
acetate
6
Q
Which organ does the portal vein deliver blood to?
A
liver
7
Q
Which of the following can be an important source of water for an animal?
A
metabolic water(product of oxidation)
8
Q
role of omasum?
A
- water adsorbtion
- residual vfa absorbtion
9
Q
role of reticulum
A
- located at base of esophagus, 1st compartment food goes
- -grinding and transfer to mouth rumen or omasum
- no enzymatic secretiobn
- main job is to be sort gate
- honeycomb like structure
- volintary regurgitrTION
- ONLY PASSAGE TO OMASUM, BASED ON PARTICLE SIZE
- STOREES HARDWARE
10
Q
role of rumen:
A
Microbial Fermentation:
The primary function of the rumen is microbial fermentation as it mixes, stores, soaks with help of papillae, and removes end prodcuts, improtant stie of adsorbtion, VFa PODCTUON, ALLOWS FEED TO SOAK
11
Q
role of abomasum:
A
First site of secretion after salivary glands secretes acid and enztmes, and lysozyme that breasj down bateria cell walls. secretes pepsin
12
Q
match the following secretion son the digestive system with the species it is most important:
Pig, lion, sheep
A
sheep- sodium bicarbonate in saliva
pig- amylase in saliva
lion- gastric lipase secreted by stomach
13
Q
Calculate the cost of corn silage per ton of dry matter, rounded to the nearest dollar. DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER. Dry matter: 35%, Cost per ton as delivered: $65
A
Costpertonofdrymatter
Cost per ton as delivered = $65
Dry matter percentage = 35% (or 0.35)
Now, calculate the cost per ton of dry matter:
65 divided by 0.35
=
185.71
Costpertonofdrymatter=
0.35
65
=185.71
14
Q
You have been feeding your dog dry food (90% dry matter) for a long time, and he consistently eats about 1 pound per day. You decide to treat him to wet dog food for a day; this product is 50% dry matter. How much do you expect him to eat a day?
A
x= 0.9/0.50 equals 1.8 pounds
15
Q
The CONCENTRATION of a given nutrient is always higher on an as-fed basis compared on a dry-matter basis.
A
false. concentration of a nutrient is always higher on a dry-matter basis than on an as-fed basis because the water is removed, and the nutrients are concentrated in the remaining dry matter.
16
Q
You want to replace wet distiller’s grains in your current ration with a dried distiller’s grains product. Currently, you mix 10 pounds of the wet product into your ration. How much of the dried product should be included in your new ration? DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER. Dry matter of the wet product: 45%
A
Drymatter=10×0.45=4.5poundsofdrymatter. Then. 4.5/0.90= 5
17
Q
If you dump 1,250 pounds of alfalfa silage into a mixer wagon, how much dry matter have you added? The silage contains 70% moisture? DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSEWR.
A
Drymatter=1,250×0.30=375
18
Q
You had some corn gluten feed analyzed for crude protein content. On a dry-matter basis, in contains 30% crude protein. If your corn gluten feed is 60% dry matter, how much of it (as-fed) do you need to add to a ration to supply 4 pounds of a crude protein? DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
A
Crudeproteinonanas-fedbasis
First, let’s calculate the amount of crude protein in the feed on an as-fed basis. Since 30% of the dry matter is crude protein, the crude protein percentage on an as-fed basis is:
30
%
×
60
%
=
0.30
×
0.60
=
0.18
or
18
%
Crudeproteinonanas-fedbasis=30%×60%=0.30×0.60=0.18or18%
Step 2: Determine how much corn gluten feed is needed to supply 4 pounds of crude protein.
Let
𝑥
x be the amount of corn gluten feed (in pounds, as-fed) that needs to be added. The crude protein content of this feed is 18%, so we set up the equation:
𝑥
×
0.18
=
4
x×0.18=4
Step 3: Solve for
𝑥
x:
𝑥
=
4
0.18
=
22.22
x=
0.18
4
=22.22
19
Q
You harvested a field of wet corn because of weather conditions. The corn came in at 18% moisture, but to make sure it doesn t spoil during storage, you dry it until it reaches 14% moisture. If you started with 10 tons of corn (as fed), how many tons are left after drying (as fed)? GIVE YOUR ANSWER TO THE NEARES 0.1 TONS AND DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
A
The dry matter content stays the same (since we’re just removing moisture), so:
𝑥
×
86
%
=
8.2
tonsofdrymatter
x×86%=8.2tonsofdrymatter
Step 3: Solve for
𝑥
x:
𝑥
=
8.2
0.86
=
9.53
tons
x=
0.86
8.2
=9.53tons
20
Q
A 400 pound steer is expected to consume about 3% of its body weight in dry matter each day. You are feeding it a diet that is 60% dry matter. How many pounds of feed (as fed) should you weigh out for the steer each day)? DO NOT INCLUDE UNITS IN YOUR ANSWER.
A
As-fedfeed
Step 1: Calculate the amount of dry matter the steer needs to consume.
The steer weighs 400 pounds.
The steer is expected to consume 3% of its body weight in dry matter each day.
Drymatterrequired
=
400
×
0.03
=
12
poundsofdrymatterperday
Drymatterrequired=400×0.03=12poundsofdrymatterperday
Step 2: Adjust for the moisture content of the feed.
The feed is 60% dry matter, which means 40% is water.
To find the total amount of as-fed feed needed to provide 12 pounds of dry matter, use the formula:
As-fedfeed
=
Drymatterrequired
Drymatterpercentageofthefeed
As-fedfeed=
Drymatterpercentageofthefeed
Drymatterrequired
12
0.60
=
20
poundsoffeed(as-fed)perday
As-fedfeed=
0.60
12
21
Q
bacterial fermentation digest ___
A
cellulose
22
Q
pseudoruminants include ____,____,____
A
camels, llamas, alpacas
23
Q
foregut fermenters and pseudoruminants ___ ___ chew ___
A
DO NOT CHEW CUD OR RUMINATE
24
Q
what are examples of foregut fermenters
A
hippos, kangaroos, hoatzin “stinkbird.
25
hippos have how many chambers that do what?
three. partial blind sac, forestomach, glandular stomach that secretes pepsin and hcl
26
kangaroos have __ stomachs and what are they called
saciform (fermentation), tubiform (gastric stomach)
27
in pseudoruminants the ___ and ___ are usually combined
rumen, reticlium
28
how to hoatzin do fermentation?
they have a modified crop that allows fermentation which gives off a smell and the name "stinkbird"
29
wild species eat __ meals in ___ amounts
more, smaller
30
what does a true ruminant have?
reticlium, obmasum, rumen, abmasum
31
there are over ___ species of true ruminants
180
32
only way to get in and out of the rumen is through the __
reticlium
33
what is fermentation?
an enzymeatically cotrolled anaerobic breaksown of an energy rich compound
34
reticlium is known as the __- ___
sort gate
35
in ruminal fermentation primary ___ is involved but also ___ and ___
bacteria, protozoa, fungi
36
in ruminal fermentation there are ___ ____ ___ and little ___. what is the primary thing adsorbed?
multiple organic products, ethonel. VFA.
37
ruminal fermention involves a ___ __ enviroment
low oxygen
38
what is the most abudant carb on earth for ruminants and why
cellulose. the bateria breaks down the beta bonds in cellulose
39
there are variations in ____ ___ as you move through out the gi tract
gi tract
40
what is on the small intestine that increases surface area
finger like projections called villa
41
what are in the rumen that increase surface area
finger like projections called papili
42
in the absence of oxygen nutirents are ___ comp. broken down. organic compounds like ___- remain.
not. VFA.
43
__ are adsorbed across the ___ wall and are the primary if not ___ engery source for the animal
44
the host animal can use ___ products
waste products from fermentation of bacteria.
45
when cows ar eating bacteria have a flow of?
food going in and waste products coming out
46
what is the order of food traveling through gi tract
1. MOUTH
2. ESOPHAGUS
3. RETICULUM
4. RUMEN
5. RETICLUM (rumen and reticlium go back and forth until food is small enough)
6. omasum
7.abomasum
8. small intestine (1. DUODENUM,JEJUNEUM, ILLEUM)
9.cecum
10. LARGE INTESTINE
47
nutrients unavaliable to the animal can be ___ by the bacteria. ___ is not able to be digested by the cow but the ____ can digest it. the rumen serves as an ___ ___that allows the bacteria to break down cellulose and produce __ ___ ___ ___ ___ __ __.
broken down. cellulose. bacteria. anarobic vat. VFAs that the host animal can use.
48
urea is ___ to cows too but the ___ can use the ___ to create ___ . urea becomes __ ___ ___.
toxic, bacteria. nitrogen to create protein. microbial cell protein.
49
the ruminal microbes and the cow have what kind of relationship?
symbiotic
50
there are __ ___ bacteria and ___ protoza per millilter of rumen fluid in the microbe..
25 billion, 250,000.
51
___ is toxic to most bacteria in the rumen
oxygen. bacteria that can stand oxygen is closer to esophagus.
52
rumanal microbes includes ___ ___
anaerobic microbes.
53
what does each type of bacteria digest:
1. cellulolytic
2. hemicellulolytic
3. amylolytic
4. preteolytic
5. sugar utilizing
6. acid utilizing
7. ammonia proucers
8. methan producers
1. cellulose
2. hemi cellulose
3. starch
4. protein
5. mono and disaccharides bacteria use this to help biuld more bacteria types that become a protein source
6. lactate, succinate, malate HELPS TO AVOID ACIDOSIS
7. bacteria that captures nitrogen and keeps in rumen
8. change based on diet excrete methane
54
what causes acidosis
drop in ph from producing alot of VFAS. more grain more nutrient dense feed more VFAS quickly and more acidity in the rumen. lactic acid is a by product of vfa production but takes slower to be created thats why food transitions need to be slow so the acid utilizing bacteria can catch up
55
what is ammonia. what is another common waste product.
a non protein nitrogen that can be made to make protein.. used by microbes along with a vfa to make mcp. CH4ccarbon souce. both released by eructation .
56
ruminant teeth:
1. dental pad (ridges
2. molars chewing
3. premolars
4. have two upper incisors and bottom insisors to cut against dental pad
5. NO CANINE
57
what do monogastrics do with ammonia
urea cycle, toxic, goes out in urine
58
what are the types of main salivary glands in rumiants
1. 2 submaxilary (bottom jaw)
2. parotid ( ear to jaw line)
3. sublingual (under jaw)
59
rumiants produce much ___ volumes of saliva but dont __ ___
larger, produce enzymes
60
ruminant saliva contains ___ ___, is mostly used for __ and ___, therefore full of sodium __, and __ buffers.
few enzymes. buffering and ph. sodium bicarbionate, phosphate buffers.
61
saliva is a pool to recycle ___, ___, and ___ to be utilized by microbes.
nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium.
62
what are rumen functions that promote fermentation:
- mixing
- storage, can hold 200 lbs of rumen content
-soaking 70 precent water
-removal of end products, nutrients and gases
63
rumen bacteria __ based on what animal is eating. no matter how much or what kind of bacteria they will have ___ , ___ ___, __, and ___.
change. proteloytic and sugar utlizing and ammonia nad methane produdtion because those are the 2 main inefficiencies in rumen.
64
more ___ more ___
fiber, methane
65
Grass/hay vs grain diet
grass: cellulose, uses beta bonds, photosynthesis, glucose, cellolytic and hemilolytic bacteria. grain: starch, alpha bond, photosynthesis, glucose, amylotic bacteria, acid utilizing, grow slower
66
rumen takes up what precent of abdomen
80
67
unlike the monogastric stomach the rumen is an important site of ___
absorbition
68
rumination is involved with what two things that end in ation.
Regurgitation- movement of feed
eructation- movement of gas
69
ruminal papillae and small instestine villi increase ____ area in rumen
absorbtion
70
what the the vfas?
acetate, propionate, butyrate.
71
in rumen there are ___ of skin that divide different ____ ____
skin. microorganisms.
72
rumen allows for feed to ____ and for constant removal of __- ___ from microbes fermenting
soak. end products.
73
the abomasum is known as the ___ ___ and adds what?
true stomach. adds acid and inactive enzymes
74
There is ___ enzymeatic digestion in rumen saliva
no
75
rumen maintain a constant temp of ___ F
102 F
76
rumen maintains a constant ph of __-__
5.5 to 7.0
77
what is acetate used for
muscle and mammory
78
what us propionate used for
glucose, direct energy for animal in blood
79
what is butyrate used for
energy for GI tract to function
80
rumen maintians what favorable conditions for microbes:
1. constant 102 temp
2. constant ph of 5.5-7.0
3. motility
4. continuous nutrient supply
5. removal of end products
6. no oxygen
81
mcp is made in __ but digested/absorbed in __ __
rumen, small intestine
82
what are the end prodcuts of fermentaion?
1. VFAs primary thing absorbed from rumen
2. NH3 and VFA make MCP
3. VIT B AND K
4.amino acids and protein
83
what precent of VFAS produced in forage vs grain and comapre ph
Forage:
ACETATE: 60
PROPIONATE: 30
BURYTATE: 10
PH: 6-7
Grain:
ACETATE: 50
PROPIONATE: 40
BURYATE: 10
PH: 4.5-5.5
84
eructation is a ___ rumen contraction
secondary
85
what gases are in eructation:
- co2
-methane
86
how many eructations to cows have per minute
3-17
87
what are the sources of energy for ruminant in order of what the body uses first?
1. blood glucose
2. liver glyogen muscle
3. adipose
4. protein
88
how does eructation work?
rumen contracts gas goes up esophagus into mouth back down treacha then lungs so expellation is quiet
89
if liquid or feed is sensed from the __ cells around the ___ eructation does not occur. eructation
nerve, esophagus
90
frothy bloat is caused from what? why
legumes, rapid diet change. legumes have higher phosphorus levels and need more fermentation. eructation stops while fermentation is going on.
91
what is the medicine for bloat relief?
surfacant, poloxalemne
92
how does bloating look on cow
projecting outward up high on cow stomach. a cow that has bloated is more likely to do it again.
93
a suckling newborn depends on what?
abomasum for digestion- similar to monogastric stomach
94
what happens in cow in response to suckling?
the reticular or esophageal groove forms between the esophagus and omasum
95
milk enters through the ?
directly through omasum
96
what is the biggest comapartment in a young calf
abomasum.
97
why do we not want calfs to have functional rumen?
so they can have direct access to the nutrients and protein from collistrum in milk. protein becomes altered in the rumen.
98
young ruminants typically begin eating feed during their first __ of life
month
99
after __ to __ weeks rumen microbal population and fermentaion increases ___
4 to 8 weeks, dramatically
100
fermentation end products promote growth of ruminal ___
papilie, vfa, b and k, mco
101
calfs half to comsume food ____ to develop ___ grooves
quickly, rumen
102
as animal ages rumen becomes much ___ and reticulum and obasum grow ___
larger, slower
103
vfa is a major energy source in horses when ___ in ___
produced in cecum
104
propionate is ___
glucogenic
105
acetate and butyrate is ___
lipogenic
106
the reticulum is not completely ___ from rumen but distinct
seperated
107
reticulum has no ___secretion
enzymatic
108
retuculum is located at base of ___
esophaguus
109
opening from reticilum to omasum is
physcial obsticle
110
main job of reticulum is to be but. also
sort gate, voluntary regurgitation , passage to omasum, stores hardware like forgein objects.
111
reticulum involves grinding and transfer to
mouth, rumen, omasum. based on particle size
112
reticulim is often compared to a
honey comb
113
what are the 5 processes of rumination?
1. regurgitation
2. liquid swallowed
3. remastication
4. resalivation
5. reswallowing
114
rumination allows animal to eat ___ and work on particle size reduction later
rapidly
115
what is the functions of omasum
- water absorbtion
- residula vfa absorbtion
116
omasum is also known as
stockmans bible
117
omasum is built up of
thin muscular sheets of absorpitive tissue studded with small papillae
118
function of abomasum is squivalent to
monogastric stomach
119
abomasum is the first site of what
secretion after salivary glands
-acid and enzyme
-lysozamatic
-dreaks down bacteria cell walls
120
small and large intestine funtions are?
very similar to monogastric intestine
121
small and large intestine is the site of __ __ and __ absorption
acid, lipid, carb
122
what are the three short steps in converting food to tissue ?
digestion, absorbtion, metabolism
123
what are the goals when feeding production animals?
1. maximize production
2. avoid over feeding nutrients (saves money, avoids environmental problems)
3.improve end quality
124
what are the two goals for preformance animals?
1. provide adquate energy and protein to maximized performance
2. promote bone and joint health (longevity)
125
what are the goals of rasing companion animals?
-simular to human nutrition goals
-avoid long term diseases (diabetes, bone and joint deterioration)
- promote longevity
126
what does energy balence mean?
the relative energetic state of an animal
127
what does positive energy balence mean?
the animal is gaining weight (tissue secretion) aka animal is taking in more. then what it is using
128
what does neg, energy balence mean?
the anima is loosing weight and mobilizing body fat. this is acceptable when dieting or animals are lactating because the animal cannot consume enough feed to meet energy requirements
129
anabolism
building up
130
catabolism
breaking down
131
what is the most improtant nutrient
water
132
what is an essential nutrient. They ___ to be in diet
a nutrient that is required in the diet because it cant be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantities to satisfy metabolic needs. a nutrient may be essential to one species but not to another. HAVE TO BE IN DIET.
133
what are the major nutirents?
1. water
2. carb
3. lipids
4. minerals
5. vitimans
6. protein
134
product quality and value ex. tenderness can change from what
nutriton, management
135
you have to feed and manage animal so it lives up to its ___. cannot preform greater than what its ___ allow.
genetics
136
nutrition is what precent of total production
50 to 80
137
what are the eight functions of the digestive system
1. selection
2. prehension
3. transport
4. particle size reduction
5. increase solubility of nutrients
6. digestion
7. adsorbtion
8. Metabolism
138
selection is a ___ behavior that relies on (the 5 senses)
learned. sight, smell, sound, touch, taste
139
if an animal has a bad experience when eating ex. mold what might happen
they are going to be hesitant to eat. adversions are learned.
140
prehension is the process of getting food into the __
mouth
141
what are the prehensile tools
claws, paws, lips, tounge, teeth
142
patability does not matter in what species
chicken
143
particle size reduction increases?
surface area and gives more access to digestive enzymes
144
mastication means?
chewing
145
what types of teeth do most monogastrics have
- incisors for cutting
-canines for tearing
-pre molars and molars for grinding
146
what is the alternative form of mastication for birds and reptiles
gizzards
147
what is the 1st step of solubility in monogastrics?
enzymes in the saliva, the salivary gland
148
why do monogastrics have mucus? how many glands in most species.
lubrication and water secertion. 3-4
149
what is the MAIN key where digestion begins in monogastrics
- although a little digestion begins in the mouth most is in the stomach
150
what is pepsin made out of and what does it do? what is pepsinogen secreted from?
inactive pepsinogen and HCL. it digests protein. the chief cells in the stomach lining.
151
what are roles of the stomach in monogastrics?
1. mixing
2. acid secreation ph of 2
3. enzyme secretion
152
acid secretion has __ ___ breakdown. kills most ____.
some nutrient. bacteria. can be anti nutreint.
153
enzyme secretion is realeased in an ___ form
inactive
154
an inactive enzyme is called a what
zymogen
155
why do the cardiac and pyloric region of the stomach secrete mucas
to keep stomach acid in stomach
156
what is the fundic region covered with?
rugae that are series of ridges from the folding of the wall of the stomach or another organ
157
where does protein digestion occur where pepsinogen and hcl combine
fundic region
158
what is the first section of the SI and what does it do
deoudonum: bulk of digestion.
159
what is the second section of the SI and what does it do
jujuium
160
what is the third section of the SI and what does it do
illum
161
lipase are in the fundic region of the stomach to digest fats if the mono gastric is what
carnivore
162
what are the two accessory organs to the dueodomum
pancreas and gall bladder
163
what is the pancreas role in digestion
secretes lots of different enzymes that helps enzymatic digestion occur
164
what is the gall bladder role in digestion
stores bile and releases it when CHYME gets to dueodomum but HORSES. The bile breaks down fat so the digestive enzymes from the pancreas can break the fat bonds.
165
what goes on in the jijunum and llium
nutrient adsorption
166
what is secreted back into digestion in the jejunum?
BRUSH BORDER (small intestine) ENZYMES secreted from crips in small intestine
167
what comes after small and large intestine
cecum
168
what does the cecum do
fermentation
169
REGIONS OF THE STOMACH AND THEIR SECRETIONS:
_________________________
Esophageal
cardiac
fundic
pyloric
1. none
2. Mucous
3. Lucius, acid, enzyme, HCL, pepsinogen
4. mucus
170
what do mucus neck cells secrete and what do they do
mucus. protect the stomach from digesting itself
171
what do chief cells secrete
enzymes like pepsinogen
172
what do parietal cells secrete
HCL, intrinsic factor, acid
173
what is an intrinsic factor
glycoprotein, aka protein with carb attached.
174
what is glycoprotein aka ___ ___ needed for
intrinsic factor. needed for adsorption of vitamin b12 later in the illeum. without this glycoprotein anemia and occur.
175
what is the gastric pit lined with
chief, mucus, and parietal cells
175
where is rennin located
its an enzyme secreted in the stomach in monogastrics or the 4th stomach in calfs
176
what does rennin do
it is secreted into the stomach of unweaned mammals causes milk to curdle
177
what does gastric lipase do and what species is it found in
carnivores. lipid breakdown.
178
what happens to MCP in cecum, therefore some animal might eat their __
they go out. poop.
179
vfas can be ___ where they are ___
absorbed. made.
180
horses are ___ __ ___ and have a huge cecum
hind gut. cecum.
181
where do horses get most of their energy from?
VFAS adsorbed from the cecum. significant protein value in horse poop.
182
pros of carphraogy
recapturing energy and protein
183
what does large intestine do
water adsorbtion
184
does the large intestine adsorb the most water
no, but that's about all it does.
185
how to chickens masticate?
they don't chew in mouth, they have no taste buds. color can have them eat more. they can't take a large bite. pellets are usually fed so they done waste energy picking up feed.
186
where is crop
base of esophagus
187
where is the feed moistened in chicken. what else happens in crop
saliva is added in crop. feed slows down and fermentation happens
188
what two organs act as chickens stomach
proventriclius and ventriclius
189
what does the proventriclius do? how long does food stay there?
where HCL and enzyme (pepsinogen converted into pepsin is secreted) the feed does not stay in there very long. the prevent. is like a car wash feed gets sprayed with acid and enzymes and moves though fast then goes to gizzard
190
what does the gizzard
thick muscular wall. feed slows down and spreads out. acid and enzymes has time to work on the feed. there are pieces of grit in here that help physically grind the feel. MIXING PHYSICAL DIGESTION, abdvhydrolytic digestion occur.
191
what are they types of digestion?
1. mechanical (physical grinding)
2. enzymatic (enzyme)
3. hydrolytic (acid)
4. fermentation (bacteria)
192
cannot get certain energy analysis for poultry because they ?
poo and pee out same hole
193
to monogastrics what are the two most important types of digestion.
hydrolytic and enzymatic.
194
what is the most important type of digestion to horse.
enzymatic fermentation.
195
what is the most important type of digestion to ruminant.
fermentation.
196
compared to pigs poultry have what?
1. shorter digestive system
2. GIT has higher rate of passage
3. poultry LI is small
4. decreased microbial fermentation
197
what intestine adsorbs more water
small
198
glycogen is stored where?
liver
199
galactose comes from ___. carb is a __ shape. fatty acids are __.
milk, ring, linear.
200
what are roles of the liver in the body?
conversion of nutrients to meet needs to body and disposal of unneeded nutrients
-metabolism
-nutrient storage
- bile synthesis
201
how are adsorbed nutrients transported?
-capillaries
-lacteals
202
what do capillaries transport
carbs and amino acid, travel from portal vain to liver
203
what do lacteals transport
lips vis the lymphatic system. dumps into vena cava.
204
in chickens the duodenum does what compared to horses
wraps around the pancreas horses dont have one.
205
no other nutrient is required in greater quantities
life could not be sustained without water.
206
water accounts for __ to __ of body weight in humans. range in __ to __ of fat free weight. water is __ precent of newborn weight.
50 to 75. 70 to 75. 90.
207
water is used mostly for what:
1. GI and urinary tract
2. muscle, internal organs
3. body temp
4. metabolism
208
intracellular means what?
in cells
209
intersticial
between cells
210
what does intracellular water do?
supply structure, turgidity, allows osmotic flow.
211
intersticial water does what?
bathes and surrounds cells and tissue. important for intercellular communication and waste removal.
212
intravascular means?
in blood.
213
characteristics of water are:
1. polar compound, slightly charged unequal sharing of electrons.
2. does not dissolve lipids
3. ions are very soluble
4. easily reactive
5. very high specific heat
6. high heat of vaporization (takes a lot of electrons to change temp of water)
7. large heat capacity (regulate body temp) due to hydrogen bonding
8. rapid heat transfer
9.shock absorption and lubrication.
214
what does water transport?
1. nutrients 2. waste 3. digesta 4. hormones
215
what does water content of the body vary with
- age
- amount of fat (can be estimated if fat or water content is known)
216
what are water sources?
- drinking water
-water in feed
-metabolic water
-condensation rxns
-water in tissues (esp. in skeletal muscles)
217
if there is not enough water intake what happens to feed intake
goes down
218
what is metabolic water
produced from E transport chain reactions that are series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors (via redox aka oxidation and reduction) and couple electron transfer with transfer if protons across membranes.
219
how much metabolizable water is produced per 100 gram of fat, protein, and carb.
100, 42, 60.
220
what can increase water consumption as much as three fold
lactation
221
you can run into issues if feed is high in ___ water. can cause toxicity.
sulfer
222
poor water quality means __ consumption, __ feed intake, __ gains, __ chance of death.
223
high sulfates in water can cause what?
loose stool, induce CNS issues, stargazing.
224
what can high nitrates in water cause?
not toxic to cattle unless in very high amts. because it is digested by bacteria.
225
extra nitrates in water can occur when?
runoff from fields or confined animal feeding operations
226
water at high nutrient levels is at risk for what?
blue- green algae, particularly in non dry weather. causes toxins like cyanobacteria which are deadly to livestock.
227
what can drought conditions do to water quality
compromise
228
water restriction causes what?
- reduced feed intake
-weight loss from dehydration
-increased nitro and electrolyte excretion
- reduced urine volume
229
what does water restriction specifically do to urine?
- can cause water belly
-more concentrated urine
-crystalized structures
- stones block greater
230
what is the highest needed mineral?
salt
231
water losses occur the most in pigs in what
1. urine
2. feces
3. lungs
4.sweat
232
most dry feeds are what precent water?
10
233
some ___ species consume feeds that have much higher moisture. for example:
grazing. fresh grass has the most. silages has a good amt more than grain.
234
animals generally consume a ___ amount of __ ___
consistent. DRY MATTER.
235
deoudum still does a big to digestion in rumaint and mono gastric
236
cells in small intestine secrete what kind od enzymes in jujenum
brush border enzymes
237
goblet cells secrete what
musas
238
what do enteroendocrine cells secrete
signaling hormones
239
what are the three primary cell types of the intestine
1. goblet
2. enteroendocrine
3. enterocytes
240
whats the primary cell type in the small intestine and what do they do
1. enterocytyes. enzyme secrreion. absorbtion.
241
what is trie about hormeones?
chemical signal produced in one organ that travels to another organ that effects it .
242
valves increase the surface of the SI by how much
3 fold
243
villi increase the surface area of the small intestine by what
30 fold
244
microvilli increase the surface area of the SI by what
600v fold
245
trypsin does what
protein digesting e
246
what are the roles of the pancreas?
1. exocrine secretions into the doudeum ex. lipase and bicarb (buffer)
2. endocrine realease od hormones, inslin, and gluagon to regualte blood sugar
247
lymphatic system is close tied togther with what other systme
immune
248
lymph
fluid that flows thotugh the lyphatic ssytrme that is returne to the heart via the vena cava. it cotains damaged cells from our body and carries it back to lymph nodes for filteration.
249
what is crypt
an intestional gland that cotaisn stem cells to contiunally replnish the cells that line the mall intestine that have a 2-5 day life span. stem cells can be abnythibg .
250
what re paneth cells
found in SI that helo with inate community.
