Microbiology exam Flashcards by Chandra Black

Humans and some bacteria store energy in the form of what?
a. glycogen
b. starch
c. disaccharides
d. protein

a. glycogen

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DNA and RNA have different sugars true or false?

true

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how many sugars are in a monosaccharide?

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lactose is a combination of what?

glucose and galactose

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amino acid- ?
lipid- ?
sugar- ?
nucleic acid-?

protein, fat, carbohydrate, DNA

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what does sucrase break down?

sucrose

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what does maltase break down?

maltose

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what does beta-galactosidase break down

lactose

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two or more polypeptide chains is what structure?

Quaternary

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folding over and above alpha helix and beta sheet is what?

Tertiary structure

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sequence of amino acids is what?

primary structure

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what structure is alpha helix and beta sheet?

secondary structure

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firmly attached cofactor

Prosthetic group

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acted on my enzyme; goes in active site

substrate

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binds to regulatory site causes enzyme to stop functioning

negative effector

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loosely attached cofactor

coenzyme

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created in chemical reaction

product

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binds to regulatory site causes enzyme to function

positive effector

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where the substrate fits

active site

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protein part of enzyme

apoenzyme

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where the effector molecule binds like a keyhole

Regulatory site

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stops enzyme by binding to spot other than the active site

non-competitive inhibitor

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non protein part of enzyme

cofactor

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stops enzyme by going in active site

Competitive inhibitor

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apoenzyme and cofactor together

holoenzyme

which of these does not belong? sugar saccharide glycogen fat fructose

fat

Starch is broken down by sucrase. True False

false

Sucrose is a combination of glucose and sucrose sucrose and fructose fructose and glucose fructose and galactose glucose and galactose

fructose and glucose

Triglycerols (triglycerides) have three lipids and one glycerol True False

false

Which of the following are disaccharides? glucose lactose sucrose starch galactose fructose maltose

lactose, sucrose, maltose

Which of the following are found in DNA? guanine thymine uracil cytosine adenine

guanine, thymine, cytosine, adenine

Which of the following are found in RNA? guanine adenine thymine cytosine uracil

guanine, adenine, cytosine, uracil

Which of the following are monosaccharides? glucose sucrose lactose starch maltose galactose fructose glycogen

glucose, fructose, galactose

Which of the following are polysaccharides? sucrose lactose glucose starch glycogen cellulose

starch, cellulose, glycogen

Which of the following consists of two glucose molecules? starch glycogen sucrose maltose lactose

maltose

Which of the following denature enzymes (proteins)? pH higher than the optimal pH lower than the optimal temperatures higher than the optimal temperatures lower than the optimal

pH higher than the optimal, pH lower then the optimal, temperatures higher than the optimal

Sterols are carbon chains True False

false

Which of the following statements are FALSE? Oils are solid at room temperature. Sucrase breaks down sucrose into fructose and galactose. Beta-galactosidase breaks down the disaccharide lactose into galactose and glucose. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Plants make the polysaccharide strach

oils are solid at room temperature sucrase breaks down sucrose into fructose and galactose

Table sugar is sucrose. True False

true

Allosteric control make use of positive and negative effectors. True False

true

Like all catalysts, enzymes lower activation energy allowing products to be formed more readily True False

true

RNA is double stranded. True False

false

Which of the following is true? The phosphate groups of phospholipids are hydrophobic. All lipids are solid at room temperature. Sterols are hydrophilic. At least one double bond between carbon atoms is found in an unsaturated fatty acid. Triglycerides contain three glycerol molecules.

At least one double bond between carbon atoms is found in an unsaturated fatty acid.

Allosteric control acts after an enzyme has been made. True False

true

Phospholipids have two carbon chains and a phosphate group held together by a glycerol molecule. True False

true

Substrates are analogous to keyholes and active sites are analogous to keys. True False

false

what happens when RNA polymerase reaches the Pribnow (TATA) box.

DNA seperates

RNA separates when RNA polymerase reaches the Pribnow (TATA) box. True False

false

During transcription the template stand of the DNA is copied. True False

true

DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers and synthesizes DNA between Okazaki fragments. True False

true

what removes RNA primers and synthesizes DNA between Okazaki fragments.

DNA polmerase one

Amino acid chains are formed during what?

translation.

Amino acid chains are formed during transcription True False

false

Amino acids chain fold into three dimensional structures after translation has occurred. True False

true

gyrase does what

cuts DNA

helicase does what

untwists DNA

Helicase cuts DNA. True False

false

DNA polymerases are used for transcription. True False

false

DNA polymerases are used to replicate what

he entire genome all DNA

DNA polymerases are used for transcription. True False

false

The RNA primer provides a free 5' OH group necessary for DNA synthesis. True False

false. The RNA primer provides a FREE 3' OH GROUP. DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of an existing strand.

what provides a free 3' OH group necessary for DNA synthesis

The RNA primer

DNA polymerase is used to copy a one gene. True False

false

Replication occurs before cells divide True False

true

Ribosomes move along the mRNA in a process called translocation True False

true

Ribosomes move along the mRNA in a process called what

translocation

RNA polymerase is used for what?

transcription.

RNA polymerase is used for translation True False

false

Translation begins at the oriC locus. True False

false

Replication begins where

oriC locus.

Translation begins at the oriC locus. True False

false

Transcription comes before translation True False

true

Translation is the transfer of information from DNA to RNA. True False

false

Transcription is the transfer of information to what

from DNA to RNA.

tRNA is used in translation True False

true

Which of the following are applicable to the process of replication? all genes copied DNA polymerase one gene copied no uracil invovled RNA polymerase

all genes copied, DNA polymerase

Which of the following are found in DNA? adenine guanine cytosine thymine uracil

all but uracil

During transcription RNA polymerase copies all genes from DNA making a single strand. True False

false. RNA polymerase copies specifc genes not ALL genes.

# name the function: single-stranded binding proteins DNA ligase ribosome helicase primase DNA gyrase mRNA DNA polymerase III tRNA RNA polymerase DNA polymerase I

1. Holds DNA apart 2. forms phosphate bonds 3. used for translation; contains rRNA 4. untwists DNA 5.creates RNA primer 6. cuts one DNA strand 7. contains codon 8. preforms most of the DNA synthesis 9. contains anticodon 10. used for transcription 11. removes RNA primers, synthesizes DNA replaces dna with the rna

Which of the following are applicable to the transfer of information of DNA to RNA? transcription all genes copied DNA polymerase translation RNA polymerase one or more genes copied one strand made

transcription, RNA polymerase, one or more genes copied, one strand made

Which of the following are found in RNA? adenine guanine thymine cytosine uracil

all but thymine

The process of copying all DNA at once is called

replication

The transfer of information from RNA to protein is called. replication transcription translation mutation

translation

DNA synthesis occurs in what direction

5' to 3' direction

dna repair occurs in what direction

repair is 3' to 5'

DNA synthesis occurs in a 5' to 3' direction while repair is 3' to 5' True False

true

Which RNA sequence will give the shortest amino acid chain? Hint, there are certain codons that you should look for. AUG GGU ACC UGG UUC AGA CCA UAG GUU UCA AGA GUU GUU AUG GGU GCA ACC GGA UAC GGU CGA CGA GGU GCA UCA UGA AUG GGU GUU UGA GGU GGU ACC CAA UAC UCA GUU UCA GUU AUG GGU UUU ACC CGA CGA CGA ACC AGA UAA GGU GUU GGU

AUG GGU GUU UGA GGU GGU ACC CAA UAC UCA GUU UCA GUU

The sigma factor leads DNA polymerase III to the DNA. True False

false sigma factor guides rna polymerase

List the amino acids that will be coded for by this strand in the correct order. GGA GTG CAA TCA ACC

1 Proline 2 Histidine 3 Valine 4 Serine 5 Tryptophan

The leading stand has more primers than the lagging strand. True False

false

A hairpin loop and the rho factor are always needed to end transcription. True False

false

The rho factor is _____ needed. The hairpin loop is ____ needed.

not always. always

Continuous synthesis occurs on the

leading strand.

Discontinuous synthesis occurs on the leading strand. True False

false

During transcription, DNA separates when RNA polymerase reaches the -35 region. True False

false

During transcription, DNA separates when

RNA polymerase reaches the -10 region.

The attachment of an amino acid to a tRNA is called amino acid activation. True False

true

-35 region necessary to end transcription -10 region may be required to end transcription

promoter hairpin loop TATA or Pribnow box rho facto

Ribosomes move along the mRNA in a process called

translocation.

what creates creates Okazaki fragments.

DNA polymerase III

Which of these does not belong? -10 site where DNA separates Pribnow box TATA box start codon

start codon

Transpeptidation occurs when one amino acid leaves a tRNA and attaches growing chain of amino acids on another tRNA True False

true

Transpeptidation occurs when what happens

one amino acid leaves a tRNA and attaches growing chain of amino acids on another tRNA

After the first amino acid has been added, new amino acids are brought by tRNA to the P site on the ribosome. True False

false

Which of the following are eukaryotes? Fungi Yeast Gram-negative bacteria Gram-positive bacteria Animals

fungi, yeast, animals

The fluid mosaic model refers to what

cell membranes

The glycocalyx can be used by bacteria to adhere to surfaces. True False

true

Some prokaryotes may have lipopolysaccharides True False

true if If they are Gram-negative.

Prokaryotes lack cell walls cell membranes organelles glycocalyx nucleus

organelles, nucleus

Which of the following are found in Gram-positive bacteria? thick wall of chitin thick wall of peptidoglycan thin wall of chitin thin wall of peptidoglycan lipopolysaccharide outer membrane plasma (cell) membrane teichoic acid

thick wall of peptidoglycan, plasma cell membrane, teichoic acid

Fungi and yeasts have cell walls made of chitin. True False

true

Bacterial cell walls are made of lipopolysaccharide chitin peptidoglycan teichoic acid glycocalyx

peptidoglycan

Biofilms are caused by pili peptidoglycan glycocalyx teichoic acid lipopolysaccharide

glycocalyx

Which of the following are found in all known cells? cell wall cell membrane lipopolysaccharide glycocalyx chitin

cell membrane

Which statements are true? Nothing survives treatment with a disinfectant E coli P fimbriae attach to P antigens The glycocalyx of Streptococcus pnuemoniae allows it to be virulent. Nieserria gonorrhea survives the immune system because it can change its fimbriae. Bacterial chromosomes are larger than plasmids in eukaryotic ribosomes 40S + 60S = 100S Animals have cell walls. Ribosomes are used to make proteins Gram-negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharides. All cells have cell membranes.

E coli P fimbriae attach to P antigens The glycocalyx of Streptococcus pnuemoniae allows it to be virulent. Nieserria gonorrhea survives the immune system because it can change its fimbriae. Bacterial chromosomes are larger than plasmids Ribosomes are used to make proteins Gram-negative bacteria have lipopolysaccharides. All cells have cell membranes

Which of the following are the glycocalyx involved? protect against antibiotics protect against the immune system attaching to surfaces give the cell its shape

protect against antibiotics protect against the immune system attaching to surfaces

Which of the following can be used by bacteria to move? fimbriae flagella capsule slime layer

fimbriae flagella

Which statement is true? glycocalicies - plural of glycocalyx Slimes layers and glycocalicies are types of capsules. Capsules and glycocalicies are types of slime layers. Capsules and slime layers are types of glycocalycies

Capsules and slime layers are types of glycocalycies

What layers surround the cytoplasm of Gram-negative cells going from the inside to the outside?

cell membrane cell wall outer membrane

Autoclaves destroy endospores True False

true

Fungi and yeast have two phospholipid bilayers True False

false

Gram-negative bacteria have two phospholipid bilayers True False

true

Biofilms consist of cells and glycocalyx. True False

true

In prokaryotic ribosomes 50S + 30S = 80S True False

false

Order the following going from the inside of a bacterial cell to the outside

cell membrane cell wall outer membrane glycocalyx

All living things have ribosomes. True False

true

Plasmids are made of protein. True False

false made of DNA

Neisseria gonorrhoeae hides from the immune system by changing its capsule flagella lipopolysaccharide fimbriae

fimbriae

Endospores can survive treatment with disinfectant and antiseptics. True False

true

Disinfectants are meant for surfaces. True False

true

Prokaryotes have linear chromosomes. True False

false

in prokaryotic ribosomes, 50S + 30S = 70S,

true

Integral membrane proteins are embedded in the plasma membrane because they have hydrophobic regions. True False

true

Lipopolysaccharides are also known as endotoxins. True False

true

Capsules have a defined shape and are only found in Gram-positive cells. True False

false Capsules have a defined shape but can be found in Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells

Mice will die when injected with what: Smooth strain Streptococcus pneumoniae that have been heat killed Rough strain Streptococcus pneumoniae Smooth strain Streptococcus pneumoniae Smooth strain Streptococcus pneumoniae that have been heat killed and rough strain.

Smooth strain Streptococcus pneumoniae Smooth strain Streptococcus pneumoniae that have been heat killed and rough strain.

The glycocalyx can protect bacteria from the immune system. True False

true

Bacteria do not want to induce (turn on) the lac operon in the absence of lactose because it would be a waste of resources and energy. True False

true

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region. In bacteria this is at the -35 region. True False

true

Which statement best describes gene expression? RNA being made (copied) from DNA DNA being made (copied) from RNA Proteins being made from DNA Proteins being made from RNA

RNA being made (copied) from DNA

Which statement(s) are true? An operon is a series of promoters under control of a single gene. Tryptophan is made by bacteria cells when it can be obtained from the surroundings. Tryptophan can act as a corepressor. The trp repressor bind to the operator region in the absence of tryptophan. Tryptophan is an amino acid.

trptophan can act as a corepressor and tryptophan is an amino acid

Which statements is/are false? Beta-galactosidase separates lactose and glucose. Permease allows beta-galactosidase into the cell Lactose is the inducer of the lac operon Bacteria want to make beta-galactosidase when lactose is present Lactose changes the conformation (shape) of the lac repressor.

Beta-galactosidase separates lactose and glucose. Permease allows beta-galactosidase into the cell

Which statements is/are true? Together glucose and the catabolite activator protein (CAP) protein bind to DNA. Increases in cAMP cause glucose levels to go down and the two are therefore inversely related. Beta-galactosidase be made only if glucose is absent. The lac and trp operons would cease to function properly if their repressors were no longer made constitutively

Beta-galactosidase be made only if glucose is absent. The lac and trp operons would cease to function properly if their repressors were no longer made constitutively

Beta-galactosidase breaks lactose into glucose and fructose. True False

false

Which of the following is/are relevant to the lac operon? inducer co-repressor repressor

inducer, repressor

Which of the following is/are relevant to the trp operon? inducer co-repressor repressor

corepressor, repressor

Which statements are true? An operon is series of genes under the control of a single promoter. An inducer caused a repressor to work. When tryptophan is in the media, bacteria would like to make more tryptophan and expression of the relevant genes is up regulated (turned on) When lactose is present, bacteria would like to make β-galactosidase, The repressor will not bind the operator. In the absence of glucose decreased levels of cAMP prevent CAP from binding to DNA

An operon is series of genes under the control of a single promoter When lactose is present, bacteria would like to make β-galactosidase, The repressor will not bind the operator. In the absence of glucose decreased levels of cAMP prevent CAP from binding to DNA

Transfer is performed by viruses Plasmid is transferred via a F pilus Naked DNA is taken up by bacteria

Transduction Conjugation Transformation

Which of the following are relevant to the tryptophan operon? corepressor inducer RNA polymerase

co repressor, RNA polymerase

Alcohols denature proteins. True False

true

Antiseptics are more toxic than disinfectants True False

false

Copper sulfate is used to prevent eye infections in newborns. True False

false

__ can be used to prevent eye infections in newborns

silver nitrate

Ethylene oxide must be applied in a special chamber because it is so reactive. True False

true

If there is one bacteria at 12:00 noon, how many bacteria will there be at 3:00 if the generation time is 30 minutes? 16 32 64 128

kills everything including spores kill most cells but not spores on surfaces reduce microbes on tissue

sterilize disinfect antisepsis

what kills everything with high temp and pressure

autoclave

thymine dimers, low penetrating power

ultraviolet radiation

reactive molecules, high penetrating power

ionizing radiation

kills pathogens and reduces spoilage organisms

pasturization

used for heat sensitive materials

filtration

disinfects with 10-15 minutes of soaking by denaturing proteins

alcohol

disrupts cell membranes and denatures proteins, e.g. Lysol

phenols

bind to proteins and inactivates them

heavy metals (mercury)

used for pacemakers

ethylene oxide

oxidizes proteins

chlorine

Phenolics are used as sterilants True False

false they are used as disinfectants

Psychrotrophs will grow at room temperature. True False

true

Rank the following in the order of the tempeatures they grow at starting at the highest going to the lowest. thermophile hyperthermophile Psychtroph mesophile psychrophile

hyperthermophile 2 thermophile 3 mesophile 4 phychotroph psychrophile

what grows at room temperature

Psychrotrophs

Stationary phase is always caused by a lack of a nutrient(s). True False

false

What are the cardinal growth temperatures? minimum optimal maximum

all

What is the correct order for the phase of microbial growth? death lag log stationary

lag log/exponential stationary death

Which of the following will likely growth in your refrigeator? psychrophile psychotroph mesophile thermophile hyperthermophile

psychrophile psychotroph

1. Bacteria numbers do not change. A nutrient may have run out or the number dying equals the number growing. 2.Accumulating toxins cause bacteria numbers to go down 3.bacteria are increasing in number 4.Bacterial numbers do not change as they are damaged or dying,adjusting to a new medium or manufacturing components necessary for growth.

Stationary Death Log or exponential lag

During which of the following is ATP directly made? glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport chain

glycolysis, ETC

Which of the following can act as terminal electron acceptors? water hydrogen sulfide oxygen carbon dioxide methane sulfur

oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulfer

Pasteurization Reduces pathogens Eliminates pathogens Reduces spoilage organisms. Eliminates spoilage organisms.

Eliminates pathogens Reduces spoilage organisms.

Which of the following occur during fermentation? glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport chain

glycolysis

Psycotrophs can grow at room temperature and in the cold. True False

true

when do Psycotrophs grow?

room temp and in the cold

As temperatures drop below the optimal the microbial growth rate drops goes down untill the minimum temperature is reached. This is because as the temperature drops enzymes become more denatured reducing their ability to catalyze reactions. True False

false

What are the products of glycolysis? ATP ADP NADH NAD+ pyruvate glucose

atp, nadh, pyruvate

Carbon dioxide is made by the electron transport chain. True False

false. made in krebs cycle

Match the following types of bacteria to where they grow in a semi-solid media: obligate aerobe faculative anaerobe aerotolerant anaerobe obligate anaerobe microaerophile

1. only at top 2. throughout but mostly at the top 3. evenly throughoutthe tube 4. only at the bottom 5. just below the surface

Listeria monocytogenes is an example of a psychrophile psychrotroph mesophile thermophile

psychrotroph

During which of the following is/are NADH made? glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport chain

glycolysis Krebs cycle

The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain proceed during...... aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration fermentation

aerobic respiration anaerobic respiration

During fermentation, lactic acid is converted to acids alcohols fatty acids gases

acids, alcohols, gases

The earth is 3.5 billion years old. True False

false 4.5 billion

Silent mutation Missense mutation nonsense mutation Frameshift muatation

1. no change in amino acid 2. change in amino acid 3. change to stop codon 4. A bunch of amino acids change

Bacteria are the same species if: 70% 97% 80%

of their DNA is similar of their 16S rRNA sequences are similar of their traits are the same

Prokaryotes contain which Domains? Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

Archaea Bacteria

The ratio of 12C to 13C is higher in organisms that in the atmosphere. True False

true

Which of the following are evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally members of the domain Bacteria? They have 30S and 50S ribosomes. Their ribosomes are sensitive to antibiotics that interfere with Bacteria ribosomes. They have 16S rRNA sequences are similar to those in Bacteria They have circular DNA Their DNA is wrapped around histones.

They have 30S and 50S ribosomes. Their ribosomes are sensitive to antibiotics that interfere with Bacteria ribosomes. They have 16S rRNA sequences are similar to those in Bacteria They have circular DNA

Which of the following rRNA’s are found in eukaryotes (Domain Ekarya)? 5S 5.8S 16S 18S 23S 28S

5S 5.8S 18s 28s

Which of the following rRNA’s are found in MITOCONDRIA of members of the Domain Eukarya? 5S 5.8S 16S 18S 23S 28S

5s, 16s, 23s

Which of the following rRNA’s are found in prokaryotes (specifically the Domains Bacteria and Archaea)? 5S 5.8S 16S 18S 23S 28S

5s, 16s, 23s

Which ribosomal subunit (rRNA) is used to study evolutionary relationships amongst prokaryotes (specifically the Domains Bacteria and Archaea)? 5S 16S 23S

16s

Which ribosomal subunit (rRNA) is used to study evolutionary relationships amongst eukaryotes (Domain Eukarya)? 5S 5.8S 18S 28S

18s

Evidence for bacteria appears in the fossil record one billion years after the formation of the earth. True False

true

Which of the following suggest an RNA first origin of life? RNA binds ATP, amino acids, and other nucleotides RNA has catalytic activity ATP is a ribonuleoside RNA can regulate gene expressoin

RNA binds ATP, amino acids, and other nucleotides RNA has catalytic activity ATP is a ribonuleoside RNA can regulate gene expressoin

The energy for life is believed to have arisen due to the following chemical reaction FeS2 + H2S --> FeS + H2 True False

false

Which of the following result in natural selection? individuals in a population are alike traits are heritible some traits cause more offspring to be produced

traits are heritible some traits cause more offspring to be produced

Antigenic shift means that… Genetic reassortment has occurred making antigens less likely to be recognized by complement proteins Mutations have occurred making antigens less likely to be recognized by antibodies. Mutations have occurred making antigens less likely to be recognized by complement proteins. Genetic reassortment has occurred making antigens less likely to be recognized by antibodies

Genetic reassortment has occurred making antigens less likely to be recognized by antibodies

Match the following Used by flu viruses for leaving cells Phospholipid bilayer Used by flu viruses for attachment Protein cover

Neuraminidase Envelope Hemagglutinin Capsid

Two copies of CCR5 No copies of CCR5 One copy of CCR5

normal progression of AIDS resistant to AIDS slower progression of AID

Slow development and lasts for years Rapid onset and short duration Has a period of where the viruses hide in cells What

Persistent infection Acute infection latent infection

Viruses are produced during the lysogenic cycle True False

false

what happens during the lysogenic cycle

Viral genetic material incorporates into the host genome

Reverse transcriptase uses RNA to make DNA. True False

true

Which of the following are targets of anti-HIV drugs? DNA Integrase Hemagglutinin Protease Neuraminidase Reverse transcriptase Entry

intergrase, protease, reverse transcription, entery

Which of the following is/true about viruses? They do not maintain homeostasis They do not have metabolism. They do not respond to stimuli. They can adapt to their environment.

all

Bacteria always burst during the lytic cycle True False

false

Antigenic drift makes it less likely that last year's flu shot will work. True False

true

Retroviral RNA can be found in our genome. True False

false

AZT is a thymine analogue with a 3' OH group. True False

false It has an N3 group instead of a 3' OH. The is why it prevents DNA synthesis.

Retroviruses have what as their genetic material? what happens before it is incorporated into our genomes?

RNA as their genetic material. It is converted to DNA before being incorporated into our genomes

which of the following involves a virus? transduction, transformation , conjugation

transduction

injecting antigens gives what type of immuntiy

artificial, active

viruses are not considered to be alive because?

they do not maintain homostasis, they do not have metabolism, they do not respond to stimuli

which of the following can only grow in the fridge 1. thermophiles 2. mesophiles 3. psychophiles 4. psychotrophs

psychrophiles

Microbiology exam Flashcards

(222 cards)