Exam 1: Chapter 1

Question 1

any substance that the body can take in and assimilate that will enable it to stay alive and grow

Answer 1

food

Question 2

the science that links nutrients in foods and in the body to health and disease

Answer 2

nutrition

Question 3

What does nutrition include? (what acronym)?

Answer 3

includes processes by which the human organism ingests (I), digests (D), absorbs (A), transports (T), and excretes (E)

Question 4

the foods (including beverages) a person usually eats and drinks

Answer 4

diet

Question 5

components of food that are indispensable to the body’s functioning

Answer 5

nutrients

Question 6

What do nutrients do? 
provide \_\_\_\_\_\_
serve as \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
help \_\_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_ body parts
support \_\_\_\_\_

Answer 6

energy
building material
maintain/repair
growth

Question 7

Foods have a ______ effect. This can lead to good or poor ______

Answer 7

cumulative. health

Question 8

Your body continuously _____ itself

Answer 8

renews

Question 9

_____ supplies the _____ to keep the body’s renewal going

Answer 9

Food; nutrients

Question 10

What do the best foods do?
support your body’s _____ and _____
provide the right amount of _____ and _____

Answer 10

support your body’s growth and maintenance

provide the right amount of energy and nutrients

Question 11

degenerative conditions or illnesses that progress slowly, are long in duration, and lack an immediate cure
What are these linked to and how can they be prevented?

Answer 11

chronic disease
it is linked to poor diet
prevention is influenced by proper diet throughout lifespan

Question 12

Poor diet is a risk factor for approximately ___ of all deaths. What are four major diseases that poor diet causes?

Answer 12

2/3. Heart disease, cancer, strokes, diabetes mellitus

Question 13

Along with nutrition, _____ affects disease risk

Answer 13

genetics

Question 14

sequence of genetic info

Answer 14

DNA

Question 15

section of specific DNA sequence that directs the making of one or more body proteins

Answer 15

gene

Question 16

Nutrients interact with our ____ and affect ____ ____

Answer 16

genes; gene expression

Question 17

What are some lifestyle choices that influence health? (6)

Answer 17

1. tobacco and alcohol use
2. substance abuse
3. physical activity
4. sleep
5. emotional stress
6. environmental factors

Question 18

What are Healthy People: Nutrition Objectives? (6)

Answer 18

1. chronic diseases
2. food safety
3. maternal, infant, and child health
4. nutrient consumption
5. physical activity
6. food security

Question 19

the capacity to do work

Answer 19

energy

Question 20

What is the energy in food? What can it be converted to?

Answer 20

energy in food is chemical energy, which can be converted to mechanical, electrical, thermal, and other forms of energy in the body

Question 21

Energy body uses comes indirectly from the ____. How does this happen?

Answer 21

sun
eating plant-derived foods
eating animals that eat plants

Question 22

How is energy measured in food?

“The amount of heat it takes to raise the temperature if 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius”

Answer 22

as a calorie

1,000 calories = 1 kilocalorie = 1 food Calorie

Question 23

What are the six classes of nutrients? Which have calories and which do not?

Answer 23

Carbohydrate: has calories 
Lipid: has calories
Protein: has calories 
Vitamins: no calories 
Minerals: no calories 
Water: no calories

Question 24

energy-yielding nutrients along with water; needed in relatively large amounts; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Answer 24

macronutrients

Question 25

Needed in relatively small amounts in the diet; vitamins, minerals (sodium)

Answer 25

micronutrients

Question 26

Major source of calories in diet (4 kcal/g) Main form of energy for cells 1. Simple sugars: small molecules found naturally in fruits, vegetables, dairy (Ex: Glucose (blood sugar)) 2. Complex: formed when many simple sugars form together (Ex: starch) 3. Dietary fiber

Answer 26

carbohydrates

Question 27

``` Comprised of animal fats and plant oils - fats: solid at room temperature - oils: liquid at room temperature Do not dissolve in water Energy yielding (9 kcal/g) Main form of energy storage in the body ```

Answer 27

lipids

Question 28

``` Main structural material of the body - major component of muscle; important component of enzymes Energy yielding (4 kcal/g) Made up of amino acids ```

Answer 28

protein

Question 29

``` They enable chemical reactions to occur in the body There are two types - Fat solubles: stored - Water soluble: excreted Yield no energy (0 kcal/g) ```

Answer 29

vitamins

Question 30

Nervous system function, water balance, component of structural systems, metabolic and other cellular processes 2 types: Major and Trace Electrolytes: Na (sodium). K (potassium). Cl (chlorine) Yield no energy (0 kcal/g)

Answer 30

minerals

Question 31

``` vital functions in body: - solvent and lubricant - transports nutrients and waste - temperature regulation MAJORITY OF OUR BODY WEIGHT Found in foods Yields no energy (0 kcal/g) ```

Answer 31

water

Question 32

NOT essential. Technically not a nutrient Provides energy (7 kcal/g)

Answer 32

alcohol

Question 33

Carbohydrates, fats, and protein all contain what?

Answer 33

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

Question 34

The human body and food have the same _____ but are _____ differently

Answer 34

materials; arranged

Question 35

The body cannot make (or make enough) ____ ____ for itself so it must be provided in the diet

Answer 35

essential nutrients

Question 36

1. omission of the nutrient leads to health decline 2. Regain normal function when the nutrient is restored to the diet 3. It has a specific biological function

Answer 36

essential nutrient

Question 37

Chemicals found in fruits and vegetables They may provide health benefits - reducing risk for certain diseases Not considered essential nutrients

Answer 37

phytochemical

Question 38

Name factors that drive food choices. What is the #1 factor that affects food choice?

Answer 38

Taste (#1) Price Convenience Other factors include advertising, availability, emotional comfort, habit, preference, social norms, positive or negative associations (taste aversion), values, weight, nutrition and health benefits

Question 39

What are the five pillars of nutritious eating pattern?

Answer 39

adequacy, balance, calorie control, moderation, variety

Question 40

name this pillar of nutritious eating pattern and give an example: providing all of the essential nutrients and energy in amounts sufficient to maintain health and body weight

Answer 40

adequacy; getting enough protein everyday

Question 41

name this pillar of nutritious eating pattern and give an example: providing many different foods from within a food group, choices do not overemphasize one nutrient or food type over another

Answer 41

balance; eating many different vegetables rather than just carrots

Question 42

name this pillar of nutritious eating pattern and give an example: controlling energy intake

Answer 42

calorie control

Question 43

name this pillar of nutritious eating pattern and give an example: providing food within set limits so as not to over-consume

Answer 43

moderation; eating half a pizza when you really wanted to eat the whole thing

Question 44

name this pillar of nutritious eating pattern and give an example: providing a wide selection of foods, the foods chosen differ from one day to the next

Answer 44

variety; eating from all the food groups instead of just one, eating different foods within a food goup

Question 45

physiological, biological drive to eat. controlled by INTERNAL body mechanisms psychological, mental drive to eat; affected by EXTERNAL food choice mechanisms

Answer 45

Hunger | Appetite

Question 46

a feeling of satisfaction that temporarily halts our desire to continue eating; no longer a desire to eat What regulates this?

Answer 46

Satiety | Regulated by the hormones acting in the brain, leptin and ghrelin

Question 47

What is the difference between leptin and ghrelin?

Answer 47

Leptin cues satiety, Ghrelin cues hunger

Question 48

We "know" things about nutrition because of the ____ ____

Answer 48

scientific approach

Question 49

a systematic process to answer questions | utilizes the scientific method

Answer 49

scientific approach

Question 50

What type of study is this: studies of individuals. In clinical settings, researchers can observe treatments and their apparent effects. To prove that a treatment has produced an effect requires simultaneous observation of an untreated similar subject

Answer 50

case study

Question 51

What type of study is this: studies of populations; often used in nutrition to search for correlations between dietary habits and disease incidence; a first step in seeking nutrition-related causes of diseases.

Answer 51

epidemiological study

Question 52

What type of study is this: studies of populations in which observation is accompanied by experimental manipulation of some population members—for example, a study in which half of the subjects (the experimental subjects) follow diet advice to reduce fat intakes, while the other half (the control subjects) do not, and both groups’ heart health is monitored

Answer 52

intervention study

Question 53

What type of study is this: studies that are performed under tightly controlled conditions and are designed to pinpoint causes and effects. Such studies often use animals as subjects.

Answer 53

laboratory study

Question 54

What does NHANES stand for?

Answer 54

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys

Question 55

ongoing studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the US through interviews and physical exams provides information for development of national guidelines for nutrient intakes and recommendations

Answer 55

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)