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NTRI 2000 > Exam 1: Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Exam 1: Chapter 3 Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

breaking down larger molecules to smaller

A

catabolic

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2
Q

synthesizing larger molecules from smaller

A

anabolic

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3
Q

catabolic and anabolic processes are constantly occurring in all cells of the body. Therefore, cells require a constant supply of ______ such as…..as well as _____

A

nutrients; carbohydrates, protein, fat, water, minerals, vitamins
oxygen

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4
Q

cells are organized into _____ that perform specialized tasks

A

tissues

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5
Q

Tissues grouped together to form _____

A

organs

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6
Q

Organs work together as part of _____ _____

A

body systems

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7
Q

basic structure and functional unit of life

A

cell

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8
Q

Body is composed of ______ of cells
each cell is a ____-_____, ______ entity
each cell requires ______ and ______
specialized to perform particular _____

A

trillions
self-contained, living
nutrients, oxygen
functions

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9
Q

Nutritionally important components of the cell include _____ and ______ that include…..

A

cell membrane
organelles
-nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, peroxisomes

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10
Q

Each cell is separated by a ____ _____

animal cells don’t have a ____ _____

A

cell membrane

cell wall

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11
Q

The ______ ______ in the cell membrane does the passage of substances and identification of structures

A

phospholipid bilayer

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12
Q

_______ is a part of each cell membrane

- provides rigidity and stability

A

cholesterol

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13
Q

fluid material holding organelles within the cells

minimal energy production

A

cytoplasm

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14
Q

“power plant”
major site for energy production (as ATP)
transform breakdown products of carbs, fats, proteins into usable energy for the cell
All cells but red blood cells contain this

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

This organelle contains ribosomes for protein synthesis

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

This organelle is the place of endogenous fat synthesis and calcium storage

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

packaging site for protein export

A

Golgi complex

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18
Q

cell’s digestive system

uses enzymes to digest worn-out or damaged cell components

A

lysosomes

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19
Q

uses enzymes to detoxify harmful chemicals

A

peroxisomes

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20
Q

directs protein synthesis and cell diffusion
contains cell’s genetic material as DNA
-packaged in chromosomes
-DNA sequence codes for genes; genes code for important proteins
-“messenger” molecule called RNA carries DNA information to other organelles

A

Nucleus

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21
Q

Process where DNA is copied onto RNA

A

transcription

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22
Q

RNA can move out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm carrying the copied DNA code to ribosomes. In the ribosomes, the RNA template is used to make specific proteins in a process called ______

A

translation

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23
Q

Genes affect how the body handles _____ and these in turn affect _____ _____

A

nutrients

gene expression

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24
Q

complete set of ____ in each cell

These turned off or on at certain times determine what kind of cell it becomes

A

genes

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25
gene variations include what?
inborn error of metabolism | influence of nutrients
26
types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
27
this tissue cover surfaces inside/outside the body | -also secrete substances, absorb nutrients, excrete wastes
epithelial
28
this tissue supports/protects, stores fat, and produces red blood cells
connective
29
this tissue transports nerve impulses
nervous
30
organ systems include....
``` cardiovascular lymphatic urinary nervous endocrine immune digestive ```
31
part of body that supplies nutrients, water and oxygen to tissues and delivers fresh supplies and pick up wastes
body fluids
32
Body's circulating fluids include....
blood and lymph
33
the fluid of the cardiovascular system
blood
34
Inside of blood, there is _____, ______ ______ _____, ______ ______ ______, ______, _____ and other components
water, red blood cells, white blood cells, nutrients, oxygen
35
Blood travels in _______, ______, and ______
arteries, veins, capillaries
36
fluid surrounding cells | - transports materials to and from cells
extracellular fluid
37
fluid inside cells | - provides a medium for cellular reactions to occur
intracellular fluid
38
The cardiovascular system consists of ____ and _____ ________ - circulates _____
heart, blood vessels | blood
39
Two basic routes in the cardiovascular system
pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
40
in this route, blood flows to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide, then returns to the heart
pulmonary circulation
41
in this route, freshly oxygenated blood is pumped to the rest of the body
systemic circulation
42
When blood passes through the digestive system, it picks up 1.______ and carries them to the 2. _____ via the ______ ______ ______; fats travel via _____ - 2._____ then processes abosrbed 1._____ - blood is cleansed of wastes in the _____
``` 1. nutrients 2. liver hepatic portal vein lymph 2. liver 1. nutrients kidneys ```
43
transport of fat in the bloodstream occurs via the ______ _______
lymphatic system
44
The lymphatic system consists of _______ ______ (_____) and _____
``` lymphatic vessel (lacteals) lymph ```
45
______ are too large to be absorbed by the capillaries in the intestine, instead, they are carried via the lymphatic system before returning to the blood
Chylomicrons
46
The urinary system consists of two _____ that are connected to the 1. _____ by the ______ The 1.______ is emptied by the ______
kidneys; 1. bladder; ureter | 1. bladder; urethra
47
Main function of the kidneys is to.... | Other functions include....
remove waste from body in urine | pH balance, conversion of vitamin D to active form, red blood cell synthesis
48
This system secretes hormones from endocrine glands
endocrine system
49
chemical messengers that are secreted and released directly into blood -regulate body conditions
hormones
50
Functions of hormones: - regulates the _____ system and behaviors in response to _____ or _____ - helps regulate _____ and ______ - informs the brain about body ____ stores - regulates ____ ____ - growth and repair or breakdown of body tissues in response to ______ availability
``` digestive; meals, fasting hunger, appetite fat blood glucose nutrient ```
51
This system detects sensations, directs movements, and controls physiological and intellectual functions
the nervous system
52
basic unit of nervous system
neuron
53
part of nervous system that is the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
54
part of nervous system that contain the nerves that reach everything else besides brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous sytem
55
"rest and digest" part of nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
56
signals are sent from the brain to the body and vice versa via ______ and ______ signals
electrical and chemical
57
electrical signals travel along neurons and are converted to chemical signals called
neurotransmitters
58
neurotransmitters are often made from...
amino acids
59
______ is the preferred fuel for the brain
glucose
60
_____ support the myelin sheath covering nerve fibers which allows for quicker transmission of signals
lipids
61
______ and _____ needed for nerve impulse
minerals and electrolytes
62
immunity: physical and chemical barriers
nonspecific (innate) immunity
63
immunity: antibody production
specific (adaptive) immunity
64
nutritional _______ often result in decreased immune system function
deficiencies
65
acute response to cell injury or irritation - increased white blood cells, redness, heat, pain, and swelling - normal, healthy response - problem is when it's chronic - dietary factors and lifestyle both contribute to this
inflammation
66
This system consists of the gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs performs mechanical and chemical processes of digestion and absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
digestive system
67
GI tract contains.... | accessory organs aid in.....
food | digestion
68
The beginning of the digestive system - mastication - taste - salivary glands
mouth
69
chewing to break down food
mastication
70
taste occurs via ____ ____ on ______ | the five tastes are...
taste buds; tongue | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory)
71
salivary glands produce _____ and _____ ______
saliva and digestive enzymes
72
salivary glands produce this | - lubricant, solvent
saliva
73
salivary glands produce this - _____: break down starches (carbs) (also produced by pancreas) - ______: break down fats (also produced by stomach, pancreas) (tongue)
digestive enzymes amylase lipase
74
long tube in digestive system
esophagus
75
flap of tissue in esophagus that, in the act of swallowing, blocks off larynx (path to lungs) to prevent chocking
epiglottis
76
wavelike muscular squeezing; moves food through GI tract
peristalsis
77
ring-like muscles that prevent backflow of GI contents
sphincters
78
The stomach has 2 sphincters....
lower esophageal (gastro-esophageal) and pyloric
79
organ in digestive system: size varies individually, can be altered, holds up to 4 cups contains gastric juices very little absorption happens here has formation of chyme production of intrinsic factor needed for B12 absorption happens here
stomach `
80
gastric juice + food
chyme
81
this prevents auto-digestion of stomach - cells secrete thick, viscous ____ that coats and protects stomach lining - multiple ______ layers - rapid ____ turnover
mucus muscular cell
82
made of water, digestive enzyme, and hydrochloric acid (HCI) | - activates protein-degrading enzymes and denatures proteins
gastric juice
83
This organ contains the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum - majority of absorption happens in duodenum - gets pancreatic, biliary (from gallbladder), and intestinal secretions that contain enzymes to help breakdown carbs, protein, fats, and also neutralize acidity of stomach contents - has a massive absorption capacity
small intestine
84
the purpose of these is to increase surface area in small intestine
folded walls villi on each wall (fingerlike projections) microvilli on each villi (hairlike, traps nutrients)
85
absorption cells of small intestine that have their own blood and lymph supply
enterocytes
86
free movement of nutrients across the cell membrane
passive diffusion
87
uses a carrier protein to move down a concentration gradient (from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration)
facilitated diffusion
88
involves a carrier protein and uses energy | moves nutrients against a concentration gradient
active absorption
89
cell membrane forms an indentation and engulfs nutrient | ______(compounds) _______(liquids)
phagocytosis, pinocytosis
90
organ in digestive system that - contains indigestible foodstuff - no villi or enzymes - absorption of water, some minerals, vitamins - contains lots of bacteria that help metabolize remaining foodstuffs and synthesize some vitamins - contains probiotics
large intestine
91
bacteria that provide health benefits
probiotics
92
last portion of large intestine | elimination of stool (feces) happens here
rectum
93
The two anal sphincters and their type of control
internal- autonomic | external- voluntary
94
accessory organs of digestive system
gallbladder, pancreas, liver
95
this accessory organ is the site of bile storage and secretion
gallbladder
96
produced in liver, stored in gallbladder composed of water, bile salts, bile acids essential for digestion and absorption of fat -emulsification
bile
97
dissolving of fats in water
emulsification
98
This accessory organ produces hormones that regulate blood glucose, glucagon and insulin - has juices - bicarbonate - neutralizes HCI - lipase and amylase
Pancreas
99
Pancreas: hormones have a _____ function | juices have a _____ function
endocrine | exocrine
100
This accessory organ filters blood coming from the GI via the hepatic portal vein before passing it to the rest of the body - nutrient sensor - storage - detoxification has lipoprotein processing - enterohepatic circulation
liver
101
recycling of bile between small intestine and liver via the portal vein
enterohepatic circulation
102
Major storage sites of of nutrients: | Liver and muscles store....
carbohydrates | - glycogen
103
Major storage sites of of nutrients: | adipose tissue stores.....
fat as triglycerides
104
Major storage sites of of nutrients: | Bone....
mineral deposits
105
Major storage sites of of nutrients: | Liver....
fat soluble vitamins and B12

NTRI 2000 (6 decks)

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