Exam 1: Chapter 2

Question 1

Homeobox

Answer 1

Region of DNA that codes for domain which can bind DNA

Question 2

Homeobox domain

Answer 2

Codes for homeodomain of protein

Question 3

Homeodomain

Answer 3

Conserved region of protein

Question 4

Hox

Answer 4

Family of homeobox genes; conserved in animals

patterns, function as transcription factors

Question 5

Anterior-Posterior (AP) Patterning

Answer 5

Differentiation of body parts

Question 6

Prosencephalon

Answer 6

Telencephalon

Diencephalon-thalamus’

Question 7

Mescencephalon

Answer 7

midbrain

Question 8

Rhombencephalon

Answer 8

Met- pons/cerebellum

Mey- medulla

Question 9

Drosophila egg

Answer 9

15 nerve cells, establish radius of mRNA

Question 10

Drosophilia egg anterior

Answer 10

Bicoid and Hunchback

Question 11

Drosophilia egg posterior

Answer 11

Nanos and Caudal

Question 12

____ control expression of pair rule genes

Answer 12

Gap genes

Question 13

Homeosis

Answer 13

transform 1 gene to another

Question 14

Ultrabithorax

Answer 14

2 sets of wings

3rd thoracic segment

Question 15

Antennapodia

Answer 15

transforms antenna to leg

Question 16

___ sets up for homeotic genes and morphological changes in different segments

Answer 16

pair rule

Question 17

Goal of homeotic genes

Answer 17

segmenting

Question 18

Hox genes code for

Answer 18

homeodomain

Ant-C and CT-X in drosophila
homeotic genes in 2 complexes

Question 19

Why are hox genes on multiple chromosomes?

Answer 19

Pseudo-backups

Question 20

Homeotic genes into 2 complexes and expressed ___ –> ___ A–> P

Answer 20

3’ to 5’

Linear position on gene matches spatial expression in embryo

Question 21

KO hox genes in mammals

Answer 21

loss of AP identity

Question 22

Hindbrain

Answer 22

7 distinct rhomobomeres controlled by hox genes.

Question 23

KO Hox A1

Answer 23

no abducens nerve

Question 24

What controls hox expression?

Answer 24

Drosophila: transcriptional regulators set up regions of hox expression (gap genes)

Question 25

4 factors control hox

Answer 25

RA, Pbx/exd, Hox genes themselves, and fourth on Krox20 we don't talk about

Question 26

Specificity of Hox genes for DNA binding increased by

Answer 26

pbx/meis

Question 27

pbx/meis pair up with

Answer 27

hox genes/homeodomain proteins help hox genes activate/suppress to get morphologically correct area

Question 28

KO pbx and meis

Answer 28

don't get hox genes working Expressed in right place, but can't find target KO pbx, giant r1

Question 29

Retinoic Acid

Answer 29

binds to receptors in cytoplasm POSTERIOR blocks anterior interacts with RARE regulate Hox RA= hindbrain

Question 30

What makes RA

Answer 30

mesoderm. Notochord sets up gradients

Question 31

Nieuwkoop put small pieces of ectodermal tissue on AP axis and on caudal neural place

Answer 31

AP axis- anterior Caudal neural plate- posterior Activator/Anterior/Neural: NCF Transformer/Posterior: RA, Wnt, FGF

Question 32

A vs. P what is generally default

Answer 32

neural/anterior

Question 33

Neural inducers

Answer 33

NCF

Question 34

Anterior inducers and what else are they?

Answer 34

Dkk, FrzB, Cerberus (activate NCF, inhibit BMP) also wnt inhibitors

Question 35

Transformers

Answer 35

Wnt, RA, FGF, Bumblebee

Question 36

What happens if you have truncated BMP?

Answer 36

pseudo-wired 2nd head

Question 37

FGF

Answer 37

neural inducer and posterior genes in animal cap with BMP neural induction

Question 38

KO FGF8

Answer 38

lose cerebellum

Question 39

KO Wnt or engrail

Answer 39

lose midbrain

Question 40

Otx2

Answer 40

forebrain/midbrain ANTERIOR

Question 41

Gbx2

Answer 41

mid/hindbrain POSTERIOR

Question 42

___ genes create otx2/gbx2 border

Answer 42

Iroquois genes

Question 43

lose otx

Answer 43

ancephally, no brain no r3 in mice

Question 44

gbx delete

Answer 44

no hindbrain

Question 45

Engrail (En1)

Answer 45

midbrain/hindbrain border

Question 46

Alvarado-Mallart's chicks and quail

Answer 46

2x what you copy UNLESS put in another region. Met in forebrain? Cerebellum AND Mes. Controls border function Met: cerebellum Mes midbrain

Question 47

Crossley: coated bead with FGF8 on anterior neural tube

Answer 47

repattern anterior --> midbrain/hindbrain FGF8 organizes mid/hindbrain

Question 48

FGF8 important for

Answer 48

forebrain

Question 49

Drosophila Gap genes/vertebrate homologs

Answer 49

Orthodenticle: neuromere 1 (homolog: otx1/2) Empty spiracles: neuromere 2/3 (homolog: emx1 (A) /2 (P))

Question 50

Drosophila pair rule gene vertebrate homolog

Answer 50

pax genes

Question 51

Drosophila segment polarity genes

Answer 51

Engrailed Homolog V: en1/2 Wingless Homolog: wnt1

Question 52

Pax genes are ____ genes with second ___ sequences

Answer 52

homeodomain gnees pair box

Question 53

Pax 2 mutation

Answer 53

colobomas (hole in eye)

Question 54

No pax 2

Answer 54

ectopic stalk

Question 55

Pax 6 mutation

Answer 55

Partial no iris | complete no eyes

Question 56

shh KO

Answer 56

exencephaly brain outside skull, holoprosencephaly- don't get two hemispheres

Question 57

Holfreter: notochord, put new notochord by isolated dorsal

Answer 57

second floor plate/ventral portion appears

Question 58

Nussien-Volhard and Weischaus

Answer 58

Shh expressed in notochord, ventral Isolate I region default? dorsal genes Add shh? Ventral genes

Question 59

Hindbrain boarder

Answer 59

wnt/FGF

Question 60

What is the most dorsal derivative of NT provides signals for dorsal differentiation

Answer 60

Neural crest

Question 61

Wnt or BMP added to neural plate

Answer 61

neural crest development

Question 62

BMP/Wnt are

Answer 62

Pro-dorsal (and posterior)

Question 63

What sets up rostral-lateral pole (front/motor)

Answer 63

Pax 6

Question 64

What sets us caudal medial pole (visual)

Answer 64

Emx2

Question 65

FGFs

Answer 65

anterior telencephalon