Exam 1: Chapter 3

Question 1

Neurogenesis in vertebrate starts in

Answer 1

neural tube

Question 2

Interkinetic Nuclear Migration

Answer 2

Some slides during cell phase

M/G towards ventricular zone, S phase towards outside

Question 3

G1

Answer 3

control mechanism for S phase or no S phase

Question 4

Multipotent cells

Answer 4

progenitor can make many things

Question 5

1 progenitor

Answer 5

5 neurons

30 glia

Question 6

3H thymidine birth dating

Answer 6

weak signal over time, replace with BrDU
autoradiography

pyramidal>granuale
cortex inside out
old > new

Question 7

What tell us what cells we want

Answer 7

growth factors

Question 8

Invariant time table

Answer 8

motor neurons develop at same time period

Question 9

Division trends

Answer 9

inside out
large (inner) > small (outer)
Old > new
pyramidal/pukinje > granule 
Layer 6 > Layer 1

Question 10

Q fraction

Answer 10

quite cell cycle, what fraction leaves cell cycle, goes up as we go along

Question 11

Expansion phase

Answer 11

low Q fraction

Question 12

Neurogenic phase

Answer 12

high Q fraction

Question 13

Why does overall length of cell cycle increase

Answer 13

Lengthen G1 due to growth factor 
# progeny generated by v zone is lowered

Question 14

___ controls proliferation

Answer 14

cyclins, which are intrinsic

control if cell responds to extrinsic

Question 15

When cyclin pairs with cdk (kinase)

Answer 15

phosphorylates Rb

Question 16

Rb mutation

Answer 16

uncontrolled proliferation of retinal cells

Question 17

E2F

Answer 17

transcription factor

Question 18

Cell cycle is inhibited by proteins

Answer 18

p27kip/p21

cdkIs

Question 19

Stop signal for cell cycle

Answer 19

TGF-beta

Question 20

lower Q fraction

Answer 20

thick cortex, lower cdkIs

Question 21

higher Q fraction

Answer 21

thin cortex, high cdkIs

Question 22

Forebrain develops from

Answer 22

prosomeres

Question 23

Dorsoventral patterning in neural tube

Answer 23

shh, BMP, wnt

Question 24

Cerebral cortex patterns

Answer 24

Emx, Pax, FGF

Question 25

___ promotes granule in cerebellum

Answer 25

Shh purkinje make shh. signal to granule cells

Question 26

Radial Glia growth factor

Answer 26

GGF

Question 27

Neural growth factor

Answer 27

NT3, FGF2 (neurotrophins)

Question 28

Oligo growth factor

Answer 28

NT3, PDGF, IGF1

Question 29

Astrocyte growth factor

Answer 29

EGF, CNTF, BMP CNTF + BMP2 --> GFAP

Question 30

How to make astrocytes

Answer 30

CNTP --> phosphorylates STAT3 --> uptake GFAP/S100 BMP helps Hes genes repress neural

Question 31

How do we make sure no astrocytes before neurons?

Answer 31

early unresponsive to CNTF | promotor GFAP methylated so STAT3 can't bind

Question 32

Proneural TRANSCRIPTION facotrs

Answer 32

Mash1, neurogenin, Olig1/2

Question 33

We don't have Ac-S, but we do have

Answer 33

Mash

Question 34

Block notch

Answer 34

premature differentiation of neurons

Question 35

Increase Hes-1

Answer 35

increase S phase

Question 36

How to make oligodendrocytes

Answer 36

ventral part of spinal cord | Nkx2.2 + Oligo1/2

Question 37

How to make motor neuron

Answer 37

Neurog2 + oligo1/2

Question 38

KO oligo 1/2

Answer 38

MN don't develop either

Question 39

Radial glia/apical progenitors

Answer 39

new neurons migrate along them | asymmetrical division

Question 40

Cajal-Retizus cells

Answer 40

tell migrating cells where to stop stellate shaped located in superficial marginal zone

Question 41

IPCs/basal progenitors

Answer 41

continue divisions after ventricular zone | at SVZ, symmetric divide for neurons

Question 42

What did noctor's GFP expressing studies reveal?

Answer 42

Radial glia ARE neuronal progenitors

Question 43

Most neurons in cortex are

Answer 43

pyramidal glutamate

Question 44

GABA stellate neurons

Answer 44

made in medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) make internenurons/basal ganglia not energy efficient, but novel

Question 45

Cerebellar cortex: purkinje

Answer 45

made in V zone | from cerebellar plate

Question 46

Cerebellar cortex: granuale

Answer 46

mad in rhombic lip | form external granule layer

Question 47

____ glia guide granule cells

Answer 47

Bergmann glia

Question 48

Cerebellum: How to

Answer 48

1) purkinje 2) FGC (External Granule Layer)- use Bergmann glia 3) pukinjie --> Shh --> EGL 4) EGC --> Reelin --> Purkinje

Question 49

What moves purkinje so granule can pass through?

Answer 49

Reelin

Question 50

What allows granule cells to adhere to Bergmann glia

Answer 50

Astrotactin

Question 51

KO Reelin,

Answer 51

lose organization

Question 52

Reeler Mutant

Answer 52

decrease purkinje, not single layer decrease granule cells, stay in EGL layer outside in cortex

Question 53

What makes Reelin?

Answer 53

Cajal-Retzius cells

Question 54

Reelin stop/go mechanism

Answer 54

Dab1: migrate granuale Cul5: inhibits Dab1, but slower, so stop and go signal

Question 55

Does where reelin located matter?

Answer 55

pathways within cell, don't need it in right place for migration, thought it helps

Question 56

Amphibian neurogenesis post-embryonic

Answer 56

``` growth of retina confined to periphery Ciliary marginal zone (CMZ) primitive to periphery retinal progenitor cells, next to mature retina Caudal shift ```

Question 57

Nottlebohm's birds

Answer 57

males large HVC spring Female add testosterone, increase in size 3H-thymidine and testosterone * increase labeled neurons in HVc * same # neurons in ventricular zone * new neurons make in VZ but migrated

Question 58

Kemperman

Answer 58

Environment enrichment = hippocampal neurogenesis

Question 59

Goud

Answer 59

Learning/memory associated with hippocampal neurogenesis stress= fewer hippocampal neurons antidepressants increase neurogenesis SVZ --> hippocampal, cerebellum, olfactory

Question 60

What cells use chain migration

Answer 60

olfactory all SVZ, no radial glia, migrate by sliding on each other