Exam 1 Chapters 1-4

Question 1

Early roots of psychology planted in:

Answer 1

philosophy

Question 2

The notion that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa is consistent with which philosopher?

Answer 2

Aristotle. He argued that the child’s mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) and that all knowledge is acquired through experience.

Question 3

The first laboratory devoted exclusively to psychology as an independent field of study opened in:

Answer 3

Leipzig, 1879

Question 4

Know the definition of hysteria.

Answer 4

a temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences

Question 5

Freud’s view of human nature was largely _______ whereas the view of humanistic psychologists was largely _______.

Answer 5

negative, positive

Question 6

Who wrote Beyond Freedom and Dignity?

Answer 6

B.F. Skinner- In this book Skinner puts forth the claim that our subjective sense of free will is an illusion and that when we think we are exercising free will, we are ACTUALLY responding to present and past patterns of reinforcement

Question 7

Gestalt psychologists used ___________ to show how perception of a whole object or scene can influence judgments about its individual elements.

Answer 7

Mueller-Lyer Line Illusion (arrows and lines, short and long)

Question 8

The advent of _______-in the 1950s had an enormous conceptual impact on the development of cognitive psychology.

Answer 8

computers

Question 9

Kerrie wants to understand how perceptions, beliefs, and memories activate different regions in the brain. Which field of psychology would you suggest Kerrie explore?

Answer 9

Cognitive psychology

Question 10

The American Psychological Association was originally made up of academic psychologists, whereas today nearly 70% of its members work in clinical and health-related settings.

Answer 10

70%

Question 11

________ involves making direct observations of the world, whereas __________ involves relying on assumptions and beliefs about the world.

Answer 11

empiricism, dogmatism

Question 12

According to your textbook, what three things make people especially difficult to study?

Answer 12

1. complexity
2. variability
3. reactivity

Question 13

Know what an operational definition is.

Answer 13

A description of a property in concrete, measurable terms

Question 14

Know what demand characteristics are.

Answer 14

Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should.

Question 15

An experiment in which the true purpose is hidden from the researcher as well as from the participant is called a:

Answer 15

double blind experiment

Question 16

Know what the third-variable problem is

Answer 16

The fact that a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because the ever-present possibility of third variable correlation.

Question 17

What are the two key features to an experiment?

Answer 17

manipulation/randomization

Question 18

The closer an experiment is to the real world, the more psychologists can claim it has what type of validity?

Answer 18

External Validity

Question 19

When every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in a sample, what sampling process is being used?

Answer 19

Random Sampling

Question 20

What are the two specialized extensions of the neuron that allow it to communicate?

Answer 20

Dendrites and Axons

Question 21

The neurons that receive information from the external world and convey information through the spinal cord are called?

Answer 21

Sensory Neurons

Question 22

At rest, there is a higher concentration of ____ inside the cell membrane of the neuron and a higher concentration of ___outside.

Answer 22

K+, Na+

Question 23

The electrical charge inside of the neuron relative to the outside reaches______ during an action potential.

Answer 23

+40 milivolts

Question 24

The brain and spinal cord make up the ______nervous system.

Answer 24

Central

Question 25

Which brain structure functions as a bridge between the cerebellum and other brain structures?

Answer 25

The Pons

Question 26

What is the amygdala responsible for?

Answer 26

The amygdala places emotional emphasis on memories, especially fear, also plays in emotional processing

Question 27

Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke provided some of the earliest evidence that:

Answer 27

the brain locations for speech production and speech comprehension are separate and that for most people, the left hemisphere is critical to producing and understanding language

Question 28

Simple awareness due to the stimulation of a sense organ is called

Answer 28

sensation

Question 29

Know the definition for a just noticeable difference (JND)

Answer 29

the minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

Question 30

If you forget to take out the trash for two weeks, it will probably stink. After a few minutes of being around it, you don't notice the smell. This is an example of:

Answer 30

Sensory adaptation

Question 31

The length of a light wave determines its:

Answer 31

hue or color

Question 32

The outermost layer of the retina consists primarily of ?

Answer 32

Retinal Ganglion Cells

Question 33

Players on a soccer team are clearly distinguished from their opponents by their uniforms, which, according to Gestalt principle, are grouped by:

Answer 33

Similarity

Question 34

Kevin correctly judged that his car was parked farther from his classroom than his friend's car, because he perceived his car as smaller than his friend's. His brain was making use of a monocular cue called:

Answer 34

Familiar size

Question 35

The timbre of a sound is determined by its

Answer 35

simplicity/complexity.

Question 36

The specialized receptors in the skin that sense cold and warmth are called:

Answer 36

thermoreceptors

Question 37

Odorant molecules bind to

Answer 37

ORNS. (olfactory receptor neurons)-receptor cells that initiate the sense of smell