Exam 1 Chapters 1 -8, 22 Flashcards by Prince Anthony De La Cruz

Main systems that control Homeostasis

Local – right at the cell or neighbor cells

Reflex/long distance – widespread (systemic)

Response loop – from input signal – integrating center – output signal

Feedback loop – the response feeds back to influence the input portion of pathway

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Intracellular vs. Extracellular

Intracellular (K+ higher)

Extracellular-Interstitial fluid and plasma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Positive Feedback vs. Negative Feedback

Positive – stimulus increases, output increases

Negative – stimulus increases, output decerases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Glycocalyx

Composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids
Marker for immune system
Sticks out of the Plasma Membrane

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Plasma Membrane

Phospholipid bilayer
Glycocalyx
Cholesterol
Protein Channels
Receptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Different Bonds

Covalent – sharing of electrons between atoms

Ionic – transfer of electrons from one atom to another

Hydrogen – attraction through polarity (two water molecules)

Peptide Bond – amino group of one amino acid joins carboxyl group of another with loss of one water molecule.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Building blocks of proteins

All amino acids have a:
carboxyl group (COOH)
amino group (NH2)
hydrogen bound to a carbon

The fourth end is what determines the protein

Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds (The water shared between one carboxyl group and one amino group is removed (dehydration synthesis reaction)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Specificity

“Lock and Key”

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Affinity

Attraction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Competition

Multiple ligands can bind with one protein receptor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Saturation

All protein receptors on cell have a ligand bound with it

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

H2O + CO2 <=> H2CO3 <=> HCO3 + H+

If H+ is added which way does the equation go?

Left to Right

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

H2O + CO2 <=> H2CO3 <=> HCO3 + H+

If C02 is added which way does the equation go?

Right to Left

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What makes Ion Negative and Ion Positive

Negative ion has more electrons than

Positive ion has less electrons than protons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Solute vs. Solvent

Solute - Substance which gets dissolved

Solvent - Substance in which solute will dissolve in

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Regulates exchange with environment
Structural support
Protection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What makes up Cytoplasm

Cytosol
Inclusions
Cytoskeleton
Organelles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 Types of Tissue in the body

EPITHELIAL
Covers exposed surfaces
Lines internal passageways
Produces glandular secretions

MUSCLE
Contracts to produce movements
Skeletal muscle, cardiac, smooth

NERVE
Conducts action potentials
Carries information

CONNECTIVE
Provides structural support
Fills internal spaces
Stores energy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which tissue of the body is the most widespread?

Connective

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Synthesis Reaction vs. Hydrolysis Reaction

Synthesis building up

Hydrolysis breaking down with water

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Variables that affect Enzyme Reaction

Temperature
pH
inhibitors
saturation
concentration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

suffix “-ase” will indicating something is an _____

enzyme

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Deaminization vs. Transanimation

Study These Flashcards

Deamination – removal of an amine group from an amino acid

Transamination – transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another

What happens at the end of the Electron Transport Chain?

Study These Flashcards

ATP synthase transfers the kinetic energy of three H+ ions down the concentration gradient

into the high chemical energy phosphate bond of ATP

RNA Transcription and RNA Translation

Transcription – mRNA is formed from DNA Translation – creation of protein in ribosomes from mRNA – codons and cytoplasm anticodons

What enzyme is involved in RNA Translation?

RNA Polymerase

If SOLUTION is more CONCENTRATED on side B than side A Which way will the water flow?

Side B through the semipermeable membrane to balance out concentration

Cell is placed in a SOLUTION, causing the cell to SWELL. relative to the cell, the SOLUTION is considered _______

Hypotonic

Cell is placed in a SOLUTION, causing the cell to SHRINK. relative to the cell, the SOLUTION is considered _______

Hypertonic

Cell is placed in a SOLUTION, the cell does NOT CHANGE in size. relative to the cell, the SOLUTION is considered _______

Isotonic

Describe how glucose moves across a cell membrane

Facilitated diffusion brings glucose into cell through a GLUT transporters through membrane after insulin binds with the transporter

More activated receptors _______ the activity of the cell

increase

Less activated receptors _______ the activity of the cell

decrease

What is the function of Kinase?

Modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them

The effect of the target cell depends on the _______ (receptor or ligand ?)

Receptor

How does the Simple Endocrine Pathway work in a negative feedback?

A cell senses a change in environment and then secretes a hormone to produce a negative response

How does the Complex Endocrine Pathway work in a negative feedback?

one organ typically releases hormones that control the release of additional hormones from another part of the body to produce a negative response. (ie: hypothalamus and pituitary gland)

Hormones produced by the Adrenal Medulla

Epinephrine Norepinephrine Aldosterone (kidneys) Cortisol (many tissues) Androgens (many tissues)

Pituitary Gland aka Hypophysis is broken down into what three divisions?

Infundibulumm (stalk) Neurohypophysis (Posterior) Adenohypophysis (Anterior)

Neurohypophysis (Posterior) STORES which

ADH (vasopressin) | Oxytocin

Adenohypophysis (Anterior) Produces which hormones | PS!CFTL!

``` Prolactin (breast) Somatropin (GH) Corticotrtopin (ACTH) Follice-Stimulating Hormoned (Gonads) Thyrotrophin (TSH) Luteinizing Hormon (LH) ```

What is a Neurohormone

Hormone released by a neuron. IE: ADH vasopressin released by hypothalamus to regulated the amount of water in your blood.

Tropic Hormone

Tropic hormones stimulate secretion of other hormones

What occurs during absorptive state?

Insulin is released Glycogen is created in liver Carbohydrates are used to create ATP for the body

Which produces the most kilocalories per gram? Carbohydrates Fat Protein

Fat Fat produce 9 kilcalories per gram while Carbohydrates and Protein produce 4 kilocalories per gram

Gluconeogenesis What is it and where does it take place?

Know what gluconeogenesis and where does it take place? Gluconeogenesis is the creation of new glucose through noncarbohydrate precursors Takes place in Liver (Uses lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids)

Hormones released by Pancreas

- Endocrine: o Insulin - many tissues o Glucagon - liver, many tissues - Exocrine: o Amylase o Lipase o Chymotrypsin

Exocrine vs. Endocrine

- Exocrine means secretion of hormones into ducts to the outside of body - Endocrine means secretion of hormones into the blood inside the body

What is occurring in the body during the fasted state?

- Maintenance of blood sugar level - Glucagon is released and breaks down glycogen into glucose - Fats and proteins are used to create ATP for the body o (Glucose is saved for the brain)

Interneuron

- Neurons that interconnect between other neurons in the CNS only

Efferent Neurones

Somatic Moroe and Autonomic Divisions (going away from CNS) o Autonomic: Sympathetic (fight/flight) and Parasympathetic (rest/digest

Afferent Neurons

- Afferent are Sensory (going towards CNS)

Neuroglial Cells (PNS)

o Schwanns – forms myelin sheathes | o Satellite Cells – support cell bodies

Neuroglial Cells (CNS)

o Oligodendrocytes – forms myelin sheaths o Astrocytes – forms blood brain barrier - Supplies neurons with nutrient/removes waste - Maintains homeostasis in ECF (water and K+) o Microglia – eats, immune cell o Ependymal – Plasma goes through ependymal - Tweaks plasma to become CSF - Cilia to move

What happens when potassium increases what happens to the resting membrane potential?

- Hyperkalemia brings resting membrane potential closer to action potential threshold o Hyperkalemia causes more action potential firing

When potassium decreases, what happens to the resting membrane potential?

- Hypokalemia brings resting membrane potential further into hyperpolarization o Hypokalemia causes fewer action potential firing

45. What happens if a stimulus comes along to a neuron, and opens just voltage-gated K+ channels. What would happen to that target neuron?

- Falling Phase o K+ exit repolarizes then hyperpolarizes cell o Voltage-gate K+ channels close, less K+ leaks out of cell o Cell returns to resting membrane

Exam 1 Chapters 1 -8, 22 Flashcards

(57 cards)