EXAM 1 (CHP 3,4,5) Flashcards
(27 cards)
age effects, cohort effects, and time of measurement effects
- Age effects:
- has to do with biological/physiological aging
E.g., Decline in visual acuity or muscle strength as a person gets older - cohort effects
- Differences between groups of people who were born during a particular time
E.g., baby boomers vs millennials - Time of measurement effects
-related to the specific point in time when data are collected
E.g, mental health stress levels during a pandemic
Research Designs…
Non-experimental Designs: (Correlational Design)
- non-experiment
- measuring 2 or more variables
- r is “correlation
-1 = perfect negative linear relationship
+1 = perfect positive linear relationship
0 = no relationship
Pros: - describes relationships
Cons: - does not tell us about any particular individual!!
- Correlation does not mean causation
- cohort or time-measurement effects
Non-experimental Designs
- Case study, Observation, correlation
Experimental Design
- random assignment
- condition 1, condition 2
-IV, DV - One group manipulated
PROS:
- find causation
- IV changed DV
CONS:
- can’t examine whether ages causes change
-
Quasi-Experimental Design
- not random but selected on pre-existing values regarding IV
- not manipulated ethnically (effects of long-term drinking?)
E.g., sample people living in different air-polluted areas
PROS: ethical CONS: less internal validity, can’t determine if age causes change
Cross-sectional Design
PROS:
- Examine age differences
- fast/cheap
CONS:
- representative
- snapshot in time
- Don’t account for cohort effects
- extreme age groups!!
1. does not represent all age groups
2. missing middle groups
3. Young vs old respond differently
Longitudinal Designs
- a research approach where the same variables are observed in the same individuals or groups over an extended period
PROS:
- Allows assessment of actual changes as individuals age
Prospective longitudinal designs: Watches for outcomes during the study to examine
Suspected risk/protective factors (These designs may not be specifically related to actual aging.）
CONS:
Time of measurement & age confounded
- generalizable to other cohorts
- attrition
- not random
E.g., starting by measuring happy and sad people, if 50 people drop out (sick people), the happiness measure goes up
False measure taken that the older people get, the happier they are
Time-consuming/ expensive
measures/technology change
Progression knowledge
Sequential Design
- A cross-sectional study conducted at two or more times or measurements
- Two or more longitudinal designs representing two or more cohorts
E.g., in 1930, two cohorts measuring happiness were the 5-year-old group and 35 the 35-year-old group, measuring over time, introducing a new cohort with every new time point
CHP 4 ~Physical Changes…
Presbyopia, Cataracts, Macular degeneration, & Glaucoma
Presbyopia - corrected with reading glasses
- happens to everyone
Cataracts - blurred/cloudy vision
Macular degeneration - loss of central vision
- can’t recognize faces, blurred lines
Glaucoma- severe, permanent vision less, asymptematic
Changes to Vision, Hearing, Smell & Taste, Pain, Touch
Vision ~focus on nearby objects, blurry
Hearing ~Gradual loss of high-frequency sounds (presbycusis)
Smell &Taste ~loss of taste buds
Pain ~higher pain thresholds (less sensitivity to pain) & lower pain tolerence
Touch ~Loss of nerve endings in the skin, thickening of the skin, and decreased functioning of mechanoreceptors (touch receptors).
Balance
- stiffness in joints
- ## muscle decline
Changes typically occur in height, weight, BMI, joints, bones, muscle mass & strength
Height~ decrease by 1-2 inches (2-5 cm
Weight ~ depends on muscle loss = fat
BMI ~ typically higher
Joints ~Osteoarthritis – a condition in which the cartilage at the ends of bones in your joints deteriorates.
muscle mass & strength~ sacrcopenia loss of muscle
Osteoporosis & Fear of Falling + risk factors
- A disease characterized by low bone mass (amount) and
deterioration of bone tissue (quality).
Risk Factors:
Muscle Weakness
Balance deficit
Walking gait deficit
Mobility limitations
Vision problems
Postural hypertensio
Sociocultural norms, gender, SES,
Does sexual orientation impact the concept of body image for aging individuals?
SES
1. spending power
E.g., Increases in income = greater investment into
appearance “practices” while Lower income = less importance
- time horizons
The working class focus on short-term investment
While the Upper class = long-term investments
SO:
Heterosexual women
63% described themselves as ‘‘Fat,’’ ‘‘Overweight,’’ ‘‘too
heavy’’ or ‘‘concerned about getting fat,’’
63% felt ‘‘bad’’ about aging or themselves because of
their weight
79% dyed greying hair
Lesbians
73% wanted to lose weight
73% didn’t associate a sense of self with body weight
27% dyed greying hair
CHP 5 ~Health & Aging
Distinguish Between Life-Span, Life-Expectancy, active & dependent life expectancy
Life-Span
- the maximum possible age that a human can live
Life-Expectancy
- average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates
Factors that Influence:
1. Genetics
2. gender
3. enviroment
Active Life Expectancy (aka healthspan)
- refers to years living
in a healthy state
Dependent Life Expectancy
- refers to the remaining years living
in a dependent state
Innate Immunity & Adaptive Immunity
Innate:
~natural killer cell
Adaptive:
~specifc, takes longer
Changes to the Immune System (consuquence)
Immunosenescence refers to the gradual deterioration
of the immune system brought on by natural age
Consequence:
- cancer
- longer to respond to immunization
Osteoporosis vs Osteoarthritis
Osteoporosis: weakens bones, increasing fracture risk, especially concerning for older adults due to mobility and independence.
Osteoarthritis: involves the degradation of cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and functional decline, which significantly impacts mobility
Cardiac and Cerebrovascular conditions…
Types of Stroke
- Ischaemic strokes:
- are caused by blockages which cut off
The blood supply to parts of the brain - Hemorrhagic strokes:
- are caused when a blood vessel
bursts within or on the surface of the brain
- severe
Risk Factor/Consequence
- high blood pressure/cholesterol
- overweight
-type 2 diabetes
-smoking, drinking ~controllable
-age
- genetics
TYPE 1 diabetes ~ uncontrolled
effect:
-weakness and paralysis
- 1/3 have speech/writing defect
- swallowing/vision problems
- bowel control
muscle pains/ sleep problems/ fatigue
Diabetes
TYPE 1 Diabetes
- young children
- the body can’t produce insulin
- pump insulin
- maintain exercise
or
TYPE 2 DIABETES
- mostly in adults
-cells don’t respond
- blood sugar rises
- The body can’t use insulin, it produces/ doesn’t make enough
RISKS:
-narrow of arteries
- nerve damage
- kidney disease
- blindness, numbness, heart attack
Manage:
- diet exercise
- maintain a healthy weight
- screening over 40
- cautious
Barriers:
- adherence (no time)
- expensive/finance
- attitudes & beliefs (sign of failure)
- co-morbidities (people with other diseases)
- poor communication
- lack of social support
