EXAM 2 CHP 7%9 Flashcards
(21 cards)
CHP 9 Personality
Rates of marriage, cohabitation, divorce changing in Canada ~ What
sociocultural factors play a role?
- 43% of people are currently married
- 13% divorced
- 40% never marry
- Most are married by 60, younger
-4% widowed
In 2011
- People are delaying marriage
- education, jobs, financials delay marriage
Socio-Cultural Influences:
- great depression
- WW2
- Divorce Act + amendent
- Baby Boomers
Theories explaining long-term
relationships
- Equity Theory
- satisfaction & stability
- equal; getting what you put in
- under-benefited = exploitation
- over-benefitted = guilt/shame - Similarity VS. Need for Complementarity
- similar vs opposite attracts
- people are more similar= stable relationships - Behaviour Theory
- Actual behaviours predict satisfaction
- Are they supportive, encouraging or argumentative - Social Exchange Theory
- wanting to stay or leave
- benefits of alternatives
- rewards/barriers
Satisfaction & Stability
- overtime = less satisfaction, more stability
- unstable marriages
- Dissatisfaction does not mean instability
- homogamy
- how similar partners are
-(culture, ehtnics, race, gender, religion, age) - Personality
- neuroticism
- openness ~cheating
-consciousness ~ increases with age - income
- Wife’s employment is problematic
-*sexual satisfaction
-social exchange theory
- Good sex does not equal stability
- Previous Marriage
- Stress
- Premartial Cohabilitation
Health, Cognition & Well-being
FINDINGS:
- Poor health behaviours & stress impact both parties
- neurotic people stress more = shorter life span
-High C and Low N
- can be a good combination of the two
(worry and takes check ups)
- Compensatory Conscientiousness Effects
- partner helps you
- Higher levels of consciousness live longer
E.g., take better care of themselves (taking meds)
-spouses report similar levels
- happiness levels go down and up together
Parenthood & marital Satisfaction/Stability
Fertility Rates
In 1960:
- avg 6 children in developing country
- world avg 5
- higher income was 3 kids
Now:
- not even 2
- decline
In Canada
- 1960 went from 4 to 1.6
- South Korea went from 6 to 0.79
- china could only have one child
REASON
- more freedom of choice
- infertility
- finance
* Societal factors; children come too high at a cost
- women are paid less
Having a baby
- People rely on intuition
- not much thinking
Transition to Parenthood
- Biological Changes in the mother
- Psychological Changes
- stress, happiness
- identity change
- Social Changes
- expectations
- People are unprepared
Challenge:
- crying
- breastfeeding
- disturbed sleep
- health concerns
*small decrease in marital satisfaction
Adaptive Process
- Women take on roles
- increase conflict issues
- lack of couple time
- less couple of times
- less patience
- more sensitive to behaviours
Cross-cultural Differences related to Marriage, Filial obligation
- The negative relationship between family support and loneliness/depression was stronger for the Chinese elderly
- negative relationship between friend support and loneliness/depression was stronger for the American elderly.
- positive relationship between family support and self-esteem was stronger for the American elderly
Filial obligation:
- expectancy to care for their families
more likely to occur in African-American, Hispanic, and Asian families.
CHP 7 ~ Changes in Higher Order Cognitive Function
Research Findings from Sequential Designs (e.g., Seattle Longitudinal Study)
- observing within-person changes over time
- Cross-sectional studies, in contrast, show average differences between different age groups at a single point in time
Seattle Longitudinal Study has also revealed cohort differences averaged across five time-points.
Sex differences
- Men aged 50-90:
- Performed better than women on visual-special tests
- Were outperformed by women in most other
cognitive tests
- Showed steeper rates of decline than women
*Both groups showed declines with advancing age
Problem Solving Older vs Younger
young
- faster process speed
older
- slower
Use of Language Older vs Younger
young
- Semantic memory, which involves general knowledge not tied to a specific learning time
old
-increased frequency of tip-of-the-tongue experiences
- “thinking they know something”
- retrieval of infrequently used information
Impacts on Financial Capacity
- manage money meeting ones needs
-* Warning Signs
Memory lapses
Disorganization
Declines in cheque book management skills
Arithmetic mistakes
Conceptual confusion
Impaired judgement
Cognitive Decline impacts important tasks
- Financial management
- Independent living
- Driving
- Treatment decisions & consent
- Making informed decisions about medical treatment requires understanding complex information, weighing risks and benefits, remembering options, and communicating choices, all of which can be compromised by cognitive decline, particularly issues with judgment and abstract thinking
- Testamentary capacity
Research consent
Addressing Financial Capacity
- Discuss concerns with the individual
- Earlier is better
- helping with financial tasks
- simplyfying & automating bank
- utilizing proper paper work
Evidence-based ways to slow Cognitive Declines
- Physical Activity
- prevent neurodegenerative disease - Mental Activity
- Social Engagement
- socially active and integrated individuals show decreased risk of dementias and better cognitive function - Play/learn music
- 10 years of musical experience had better cognitive function relative to non-musicians.
- lower rates of dementia in frequent vs infrequent musical instrument players over 5 years
Effective because:
- intense, cognitively demanding, multisensory, and motor experience
- Dancing
- diverse features
- neuroplasticity-inducing tool.
- improved cognition, motor performance, subjective well-being, reaction time, and posture.
Effective:
- intense, cognitively demanding, multisensory, and motor experience. It also leads to feelings of pleasure and enjoyment, social connections, creative self-expression, identity construction, continuous learning, and a sense of accomplishment
