Exam 1 Class Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
What is special about the hagfish?
A
tongue comes out when breathing, still notochord
2
Q
What is special about the lamprey?
A
kertanized tissues- proteins. reproduce in streams and the amnocete larvae burying themselves in ground undergoing metamoprphosis and filter feed using pharyngeal slits and then come from tubes they create then migrate towards lakes and find fish to parasitize. has a buccal funnel so mouth structure comes out with keratinized teeth once dug keratin teeth into prey tongue has keratinized spines to rasp away flesh of animals. chomp and fall off finding another fish.
3
Q
What is special about the conodont?
A
mysterious mineralized fossil teeth finally connected to a jawles but very motile vertebrate, modfiicaiton on pharyngeal basket suspension feeding into moving plate that caught and shredded food, recent analysis shows evidence fo convergent tooth evolution (vvertebrate teeth were not derived from conodont teeth, because they do not have material form odontods) mineralization rose independently. first with mineralized hard tissues.
4
Q
What are ostracoderms?
A
agnathan, complex eyes, teeth with dentin: neural crest derived tooth component (from odontoblasts), some paired appendages, sensory lateral line, evolution of dermal bone body armor covering cartilage vertebral skeleton with an epidermis made of keratin and a dermis of mesoderm. all extinct with armored bodies and head shields
5
Q
What is different about vertebrates?
A
- had cephalization with an increase in the sensory systema dn differentiation of brain lumps with the sensory apparatus coming with us deriving from neural crest cells. with an enxlosure of the anterior neural tube in cartilage/bone subsequent derivation of cartilaginous vertebrae bony jaws and cranium. with further ossification of a skeleton and derivation of appendicular skeleton. gils used for respiration not just feeding an da real circulatory sytem is staritng to form with a dorsal and ventralaorta. centrum where notochord ends up and dorsal nerve cord.
6
Q
What are gnatostomes?
A
things with jaws
making up the placoderms, chondrocytes, mechanoreceptors
7
Q
What are some key similari7es and differences between ostracoderms and placoderms?
A
similarities: encased in heavy bone armor, small till, head shield composed of large plated of fused dermal bone
differences: jaws, with teeth, paired pectoral and pelvic fins, notochord with ossified neural and hemal arches, some large, claspers for internal fertilization
8
Q
Why do we think that the cartilaginous skeleton of chondrichthyans reflects a secondary loss of ossified bone?
A
there ancestors had a lot more bone suggesting that they lost it to be lighter in the water and perhaps more streamlined
9
Q
Why is the lateral line a mechanoreceptor organ? Where does it derive from developmentally?
A
Hair cells within supportive cells create neuromast (fluid filled canal and fluid change direction on currents) organs and part of what makes lateral line function along fish water currents going to when prey next to it with pores along whole body.
derived from latetal line and otic ectodermal placodes- respond selectively to mechanical stimuli (asymmetry of the bundle). translate mechanical information into electrical signal
detecting water currents, maintinaing balance and hearing sounds. lateral line derives from neuromast cells.
10
Q
What is the relationship between the presence of a swim bladder and locomotion in fish?
A
the swim bladder held with buoyancy keeping them afloat so that they swim straight and up and do not have to exert extra energy to stay afloat so they can better swim
11
Q
How are fleshy fin appendages different from ray fin appendages and how do they function in sarcopterygians?
A
fleshy fin appendages have one large bone and have short projecting appendages with soft muscle and internal bony elements for pivoting in shallow water and holding on to the bottom and some have lungs. they don’t have whereas the ray fin have mAny long thin bones
12
Q
Why is the human hand homologous to Tiktaliik’s fin?
A
the bone structure in the human limbs derive from the fin making it homologous and they both have the one big bone, two smaller bones and then many small bones
13
Q
What are placoderms?
A
oldest but newer than ostracoderms as they are similar to ostracoderms encased in heavy bone armor, small tail, head shiled composed of large pleated of fused dermal bones
14
Q
How do placoderms differ from gnatostomes?
A
placoderms different from ostracorerms with jaws and some teeth, paired pectoral and pelvic fins creating limbs, notochord with ossified neural and hemal arches with some being very large and have claspers for internal fertilization which was the fist to have internal fertilization
15
Q
What are chondryicthyes?
A
reproduction using internal fertilizations with males have claspers between pelvice fins.
16
Q
What is oviparous?
A
-fertilized egg is laid,
17
Q
What is ovoviparous?
A
eggs develop within female and living young are born no placenta or placental structures,
18
Q
What is viviparous?
A
embryos develop within female and living young are born some placenta-like sturctures of maternal origin
19
Q
What are sharks and rays?
A
(elasmobranchs-5-7 gil openings) with cariligainous fish. They have cartilaginous endoskeleton (secondary loss of bone, so their ancestor has a lot more bone) (cartilaginous bones instead made them faster in the water being incredible predators and very streamlined was actually a way to be a little lighter to swim faster, claspers on males, placoid scaled (form beneath the skin, then erupt- offer protection from ectoparasites that would attach to bodies and might help with hydrodynamics of swimming minimizing turbulence flow of water streamlining them), serial replacement of teeth (derived from epidermal tissue and placoid scales), no swim bladder (so has heterocercal tail with one lobe longer than another tail helping to propel themselves upward so tend to sink and shape of fin allows them to go upward when they swim). subterminal mouth not at end of mouth but below with sensory organs at tip of snout helping them to detect electric signals from prey (hammerhead very exaggerated). distinction in lobes of brain with fancier circulatory system, real liver, defined gonads, large stomach and digestive system and glands
20
Q
What is holocephalli?
A
(chimeaera)- claspers, single gil opening (like the rest of fish), deep ocean fish
21
Q
What is mechanoreceptors?
A
cells responsive to small changes in mechanical force (sound, water currents) one type: hair cells have a body and a hair tip (epithelial) then connected to nerve terminal with a grandient in size of sterocilia increasing sensitivity smaller and placed in particular direction. Hair cells within supportive cells create neuromast (fluid filled canal and fluid change direction on currents) organs and part of what makes lateral line function along fish water currents going to when prey next to it with pores along whole body.
derived from latetal line and otic ectodermal placodes- respond selectively to mechanical stimuli (asymmetry of the bundle). translate mechanical information into electrical signal
detecting water currents, maintinaing balance and eharing sounds
22
Q
What are found in both?
A
neuromast: fish- lateral lines, vestibular organs: in all vertebrates balance and sound (along with inner ear)
23
Q
What are osteichythes?
A
palaeonisciformes, neopterygii, and sarcopterygii. have extensive ossification of their endoskeleton, swim bladder, outpocketing of gut or pharynx gas filled helps with buoyance, bony operculum (gills), body covered with overlapping scales and a terminal mouth
24
Q
What are ray-finned fishes?
A
rays derived from endosekelton, controlled by muscles within the body wall
25
What happens as fish development goes through?
internal skeleton gets more ossified, the skull and scales get less ossified. ome still heterocercal tails, other.
thinner less overlapping scales (more flexibility, increase jaw mobility, homocercal tails, in all aquatic habitats)
26
What are the most diverse group?
neopterigyains are the most diverse group (teleosts)
27
What are ganoid scales?
nontelost bony fish
28
What are cycloid scales?
teolost fish
29
What is the teleost anatomy?
brain, well-developed eyes, ossified vertebraes, better heart and digestive sytem. bony rays derived from endoskeleton attached to muscles
30
What are placode?
placode originate in skin then erupt, design for channeling water decreasing turbulence
31
What is Sarcopterygii?
fleshy finned fish- short projecting appendanges with soft muscle and internal bony elements from ray fish. For pivoting in shallow water (lungfish or holding on to the bottom (coelacanths- living animals do not stop evolving) dipnoids- some of them have lungs and can breathe air (mostly fresh water) produce mucous to keep from dehydrating and gulp air.
32
what are heterocercal?
shark vertebra goes ot the tip of the tail
33
What are diphycercal?
lungfish vertebra goes in towards the tip of the tail lim
34
What are homocercal?
Perch- vertebrate terminate at base of tail with projections offering skeletal support
35
What are tetrapods?
Limbs evolved from fleshy fins evolved for terrestrial locomotion instead of navigating in water. Acanthostega- early known tetrapod
36
What is a chiridium?
muscular limb with well defined joints and digits with robust pectoral digit bones, loss of bony gill covers (operculum), large ribs for torso support on land
37
What is tiktaalik?
large shallow water fish found missing connection between fishes and walking land creatures
shoulder, elbow, proto-wrist capable of performing type like push up, still had fins, scales, and primitive jaws like a land living animal neck, wrists, flat head (submerged eyes on top of head to watch for potential danger and gradual change in shape of the head), expanded ribs.
intermediate form from transition have free wrist, neck, flat head, fins, sclaes, and primitive jaws.
38
What is eusthenopteron?
385 million years ago with squished bones allowing fin to move (no ribs and round head with eyes on side), in 375 millin years ago the tiktaalik transitional footlike structure (all different components of in fin with flat head eyes on top, neck, specialized fins and ribs, one big bone two bones and a bunch of little bones and 8 digits) , then the icthyostega at 365 million years ago they found the hind limb (walking on land well developed pectoral and hind limbs and digits).
39
What is the common plan for all limbs?
one bone, two bones, then little blods then fingers or toes all modified based on the species. fins of most fish have large amounts of fin webbnga dn many bones at the based the lungfish had a single bone at base of appendage with bones filling gap compared to our upper arm and forearm.
40
what is internal fertilization?
throughout time is lost in evolutioinary time many times with claspers re-evolving in rays into pelvic claspers with very few fish having internal fertilization except guppies
41
What are amniotes?
edeveloped penis so cradles, birds and mammals
42
What is a tetrapod?
chiridium (muscular limbs with well-defined joints and digits) having robust pectoral digit bones, layrinthodont teeth infeeding of tooth wall and a loss of bony gill covers with large ribs for torso support on land
43
What are the amniote groups?
Amniotes- two main lineages the suropsodia and synapsidia (mammals). The relationships within these groups traditiionally was based on skull morphology. suroposodia- (testadines- turtles), dinosaurs, crocodiles, birds, and extinct marine reptiles.
44
What are diaspdis?
diapside- Archosaus- crocodiles birds and dinosaurs and lepidosuaromorphs- lizards and newts.
Diapsid- all other reptiles, including birds temporal bar between the two fenestra. UTB- Sq and Po bones, LTB- jugal and duadratogjugal bones
45
What is skull fenestration?
Skull fenestration- d escribng cariation in temporal region of the skull with four differnt types of skulls anapsid (0 temporal fenestra- first amnioes and turtles. ) , synapsid (1 temporal fenestra- mammal) , diapsid (2 temporal fenestra- all other reptiles including birds) , and euryapsid (1 temporal fenestra lost 2nd temporal fenestra came from diapsid extinct marine reptibles).
46
What is the temporal fenestra?
Temporal fenestra- number of holes in the back of eye.
47
What are temporal arches?
temporal arches- position squamosal (sq), and post-orbital (Po) bones. quadratic jugles bones and slightly modfied in the other groups and lost in euryapsid.
48
What are turtles classified as?
turtles with diapsids, and the synapsids are also amniotes. we dont know if anapsid characteristics evolved in turtles from diapsids.
49
What is reptile?
| artificial or real taxa?
reptiles are an artifical taxa, in order to be real it must include birds.
50
What are fish scales made of?
fish have placode scale dermal skin from deeper layer of integument
51
What are general reptile traits?
eproduction have amiotic eggs with shell, internal fertilization, oviparous, ovoviviparous, vivparous (few), with direct development
Epidermal scales and claws (except snakes)- hinges on scales coming from epidermis and overlapping scales providing protection
5 digits on each limb (except snakes
well devleoped thoacic ribs (except turtles which have modified eggs with shell)
membrane with excretory area in allantois, embryo inside amnion yolk and a leathery shell
52
What are turtles and what is special about them?
Turtles have two parts of modified shell dorsal- carapce with a fusion of vertebrae and modificaiton of ribs merging together to form protective case. ventral- plastron. limbs and girdles articulated within body shell and with a retractable head to hide from predators.
lay large clutches with leathery shells,no parental care, high levels of mixed paternity, large intromitent organ, females can store sperm for a long time and have multiple dads, long reproductive intervals
few species defend a territory.
typically long-lived, mostly solitary,
Have a varied diet: grass and other plants, fish, invertebrates
terrestrial (tortoise) and aquatic (spend most time in water despite laying eggs- jaguar and great white are predators have problem with fidelity)
53
What is temperature sex determination?
temperature sex determination in turtles and crocodilians with no sex chromosomes: turtles low temperatures 100% male, and warmer more females. crocodiles- low temperatures feamle and higher percentage is male. With climate change there is going to be changed in the concentration of males.
54
What is heteromorphic?
different sizes of sex chromosomes
55
What is homomorphic?
same size sex chromosomes determining male and/or female
56
What are crocodiles?
well developed brain, associated with water, tropical, fresh water mostly, and top predators: adaptations for feedings on very large prey.
57
What is crocodile divided up into?
divided into alligators, gavilalidae (narrow snout feed on fish can open wider cuz its longer and it is faster) and crocodylidae (largest and catch largest prey, which feeds on everything else more powerful )
58
What is special about gharials?
gharials way below regrssion line of body mass vs. bite force. for a given body mass has small bite force
59
What is finite element analysis and what does it show about crocodiles?
finite element analysis- polygons and know properties of bone can apply a force to each one of these triangles and figure how much that piece is going to change shape- red change more shape with a lot more in the gharial vs. crocodile ocnfirming how form and function acting together to act on waht they are feeding and bone not going to deform in a gharial.
60
What do crocodiles do to catch prey?
crocodile once catch prey roll trying to drown them for whole behavior and efficient mechanism.
61
What are squamates?
lizards, snakes, chameleon, anoles
62
What are sphenodonts?
enormous group and all went extinct excep tin new zealand tuataras can live for 80 years, female reproductive after 15 years, highly endangered with rats and cats eat clutches of age and take a clutch a year to ahtch. no penis but development has penis and loses it in adults?
63
What are squamates?
snakes and lizards two penis, hemipenes, internal fertilization, ovo-vivparous, oviparous, no parental care. nasty spines on on penis to hold onto female and looks like two bags on legs. internal fertilization and a copulatory plug and protein derived jelly from kidgney preventing her from remating and ejecting the sperm.
64
What is special about chameleons?
tongue can go twice its length and go from 0-60 in 1/100th of a second storing eastic energy in tongue with muscle and release.
65
What are iguanas?
some are marine feeding on algae, big males are dominant and get most of mating. juvenile males have a behavior have premature ejaculation priming hemipenes with sperm in off chance get ot copulate with female for a chance of copulating
66
What are anoles?
ecological and evolutionary studies. territorial and agressive and do displays
67
What are snakes?
successful diversifying rapidly will bite and deliver large amount of venom for prey connected through venom duct modified fangs hollow and discharge venom once it punctures skin bite prey and let them go dying and digest and melt the prey before the snake even eats it. or wrap bodies around prey an dsuffocate crushing preys skeleton and prevent lungs from expanding causing cause of death and can swallow prey whole.
68
What is special about snakes jaws?
back of jaw can open widely and left and right. can stretch ligament bringing lower jaws appart two lower jaws connected with bone. jaws facing backwards use jaw to jaw walk crawling on prey eat anterior and recognize salitary end of animal
69
How do snakes move?
serpentine walking- contracting body alternating side to side starting from neck going all the way back have ventral scales allwoing for traction to move. if in place with no traction they sidewinding only two points of contact of body on ground going sideways, concertina S shape and climbing wall.
swimming in air by expanding body and moving ead creating wave through body to glide.
70
what are chameleons?
tongue can go twice its length and go from 0-60 in 1/100th of a second storing eastic energy in tongue with muscle and release.
71
What are pit organs?
pit organs of pit vipers- allow snakes to sense infrared creating visual image as snakes can see in the dark thanks to protein channels that are activated by heat from the bodies of their prey. membrane hangs in between space and heats up by infrared radiation TRPA channels opening, and peaks opening channel allowing ions to flow through membrane with receptor endings of nerve snesing that ions flowing in creating electrical signal of brain. , can form image 1 meter away
72
What are snakes from?
nakes likely evolved from a common ancestor with lizards, but they likely had a fossorial (underground) phase (or nocturnal?), their eyes are very different: no eye lids, rather a spectacle (lens covering eye), cones in snake are modified rods. their parietal organ (in skull) is reduced when compared to lizards.
73
What are the snake lungs like?
only one well developed right lung and the left atrified.
74
Which snakes are dangerous?
red on yellow, kill a fellow (coral snake). red on black, friend to jack.
75
What are bone claspers?
placoderms originated internal fertilization that puts the male gametes close to female gametes
76
What is internal fertilization?
throughout time is lost in evolutioinary time many times with claspers re-evolving in rays into pelvic claspers with very few fish having internal fertilization except guppies
77
What is special about amniotes?
redeveloped penis so cradles, birds and mammals
78
What is tiktaalik?
intermediate form from transition have free wrist, neck, flat head, fins, sclaes, and primitive jaws.
79
What is tetrapod?
chiridium (muscular limbs with well-defined joints and digits) having robust pectoral digit bones, layrinthodont teeth infeeding of tooth wall and a loss of bony gill covers with large ribs for torso support on land
80
What is eustenopteron?
after lung fish, fish with lots of bones
81
What is aconthostega?
the tetrapod has weight bearing girdles that is attached to limbs with the limbs have digits and a dermal skull bones
82
What is the fish-ray finned tail?
ossified neural and hemal arches with an intercranial joint that must be used for feeding, labyinodont, teeth, branchial, unique and fingers and toes
83
What is icthyostega?
more defined, still tail fin
84
What is limnoscells?
more reptile-like
85
What is lissamphibians
arose from temospendyl including frogs, salamanders, and cacilion. amniotes, eggs laid in moist which lack shells and amniotic eggs. have paired lungs, no scales, many bones, skull and pectoral girdle lost with small gills and larvae/juveniles. lungs (may not function_ are present but may degerate based on species with dermal respiration. they have anywhere between 3-5 digits on forelimbs and 5 digits on high limbs. fossil has different lifestyles and a glandular epidmeris, pedicellitate teeth
86
What happened with the advent of lung?
with advent of lungs causing change in circulation system was 2 chambered going through its body
87
What is special about some fish?
in some fish males precede and do parental care acquiring female by taking good care of eggs and were the first to show parental care
88
What is the lungs gas exchange like in amphibians and reptiles?
amphibians and reptils have no gills but to skin, with a three chambered heart and oxygen coming in right atria flowing to lungs and get oxygen to respond mixing blood from the left and right side. three chambered right atria to ventricle to lung or skin then oxygenated comes back into body trough left atia continuing cycle. with the skin the primary function gas exchange with carbon dioxide and excretion. fish’s skin have some oxygen uptake much lesss scale can take up more O2 but no CO2 excretion. amphibians closer to 100% for gas exchange with frogs and snakes most CO2 excretion and some O2 uptake.
lung anatomy in amphibians- simpler less for oxygen exchange no pockets or curves in lung with frogs opening external nostril, mouth corssed breath comes in depressing bottom of mouth, close nostril, glotting opening up for air to lung.
89
what are the gymnophiona?
caecilians, and caudata
90
What are caecilians/
legless, burrowing, tropical, internal fertilization, oviparous and vivparous defends eggs and has a solid skull unlike frogs and salamanders has direct devleopment in most (terrestrial young) and parental care of female
91
what is caudata?
(urodata)- salamanders have tail, divergence in respriatory mechanism. internal fertilization, but no intramittent organ instead or have spermatotophores taking them up. no tymponium or eardurm
92
What is heterochromy?
development change in rate and timing of growth that leads to changes in size and shape. relative to other sister species with easy way for evolutionary adaptations to occur making an easy way for evolutionary adaptations to occur. The regulatory network of genes that is so aundant in vertebrates (e.g. Hox genes may act to closely regulate the timing and the rate of growth of parts, perhpas leading to rapid speciation.
93
What is paedomorphosis?
adult resembles juveniles of ancestors. affect rate of growth of tract or when stops growing halting much careless grow slower or groulater.
94
What is peromorphosis?
traits grow larger foster earlier lifetime of individual compared to ancestor and out group infering ancestor doing something
95
What is lamprey larva like?
tiny fraction as dult, easy way to last is for larvae to repoduce without adult and so begin different species.
96
What is ambystoma?
lowland eggs laid, hatches larvae two year because adult and reproduces. mountain- eggs laid larva hatched acquired ability to reproduce (becoming adult) without change larval triat. harder to find food and instead of dramatically change and energetically cheaper only grow gonads.
97
What is urodeles?
neotenic, retain gills, ambystoma mexicanum (axolot) with salamander, new, with eggs, gilled larvae, stay close to water the water. liberian newt/sharp ribbed newt- tubercules profjects its ribs coated in posion as defense mechanism gardner snakes immune to toxin.
98
What is salient?
frogs and toads
99
What is special about frogs and toads?
long hindelegs for jumping
no tail (anura)
salientas (jumpers)
external fertilization
indirect devleopment in most (tadpole larvae
well developed tympanium with sound production key to mating system
smallest adult vertebrate 7cm-frog
frog or toad with frogs associated with more aquatic habitats and toads having thicker skin and direr habitats
frog mate, lay eggs with jelly coat, tail bud and then the tadpole changes via metamorphosis of frog with the larger the frog the lower the frequency of sound for mating calls and the females chose a mate trading off freqncy and interval as they cant use a low frequency and call quickly. some males dont call at all cheater males stand next to calling male and jump on female fertilizing eggs
100
What is a toad?
male parental care eggs on skin of male. with male carrying tadpoles form pools to pools if risk of desiccation check on developing eggs and mode. mouth brooders in amphibians and ifhs. toad big because of defense.
101
What is a xenopus lavish?
developmental model system
102
wHat is horror frog?
hary frgos break bones project through skin and use as defense mechanism
103
What is special about mammal circulation ?
four chambered heart.
104
What are archosaurs?
(Pseudosocuhia- crocodiles and relatives, and ornithosuchis- dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and birds)-
105
What is the skull structure of archosaurs?
trajectory of lighting up on skull with diapsid skull two open holes (post-orbital finestra) with two more antorbital finestra and mandibular fenestra and fusion of skull bones with holes lighten weight of skull.
106
What are techodonts?
teeth set in individual sockets instead of in a groove, with a high narrow skull with pointed snout, and a size reduction of the skull: fusion of bones and fenestra.
107
What are the largest dying creatures ever?
rhamphorphynchus, pteranodon up to 30 or forty feet. horns may be due to sexual dimoprhism to attract mates primarily feeding on fish on ocean and walk on four limbs.
108
What are the changes from a crocodile to a bir?
hinge-like ankle, legs directly underneath body, bipedal galt, long index fingers, hollow bones, a furcula (wish bone), three-fingered hand, feather, enlarged sternum, backward-pointing pubis, flight, pygostyle, no claws on wings, keeled sternum, tootless beak
109
What is a curotarsal joint?
crocodiles Pseudosuchia- flexible peg in astragalus and socket allow for ankle to rotate in different positions giving it ability to move around erect walk and sprawling (belly run- escap and gallop). much more stable but agility is less
110
What is a metatarsal going?
dinosaurs and birds Ornithosuchia- parasagittal gait: limbs move parallel to the vertebral column and are held erect and erect walking allowing them to improve agility and run away better and be a better predator.
111
What are saurischian dinosaurs?
radiating boens opening in different posiitons with a mix of dieta. birds evolving from surichian. second digit of forearm longs. feathers were found in dinosaurs throughout
112
What are ornithischian dinosaurs?
bones parallel to eachother, third digit is longest. feathers were found in these as well
113
What is tetanurae?
divides into two groups: tyrannosuridae and maniraptora. inferred first appearance of flight in arcaeopteryx, in pygostyla reduced fused tail called a pygostyle (reduced tail). small, agile dinosaurs, pubis point backwards for running to catch prey.
114
What is the aboreal hypothesis?
dinosaurs able to climb up in trees and spending time up there and started using gliding and jumping from branches to down and feature that allowed them to parchaute, flide, and flight.
115
What is a cursorial insectt run?
run a little fast picking up more speed and feathers to catch insect and leap after insect with appendage helping to get that lift gliding, and then leads to flight
116
What is the difference between crocodile and bird acetabulum?
cetabulum closed vs. birds and dinosaurs open allowing for greater movement
117
What is cursorial climbing?
animal on ground run and use feathery appendages for climbing pushing in towards surface of tree to go up then leading to gliding and flight
118
What is the importance of transitional fossil?
transitional forms and fossils helps to understand evolution with archeopteryx long strait bony tail, four toed feet and fusion in foot bones found inbirds, still have fingers outside wings. S shaped neck like birds using neck to naviagte a lot more
119
What is anchirnis?
can tell what color feathers were, turkey sized dinosaur with melanocytes fossilized in feathers with dark black color and eumelanocytes giving eumelanin and could see color changes and ceconstrict color of dinosaurs. many birds dont use pigment andinstead a structural color
120
What is oviraptor?
(many reptorian specimen found wrapped around clutch of eggs thought it was eating eggs but was same species) and toodon- male parental care. medulary bone- taking calcium for building shells and males lack bones and able come to conclusion male rather than female similar to basal birds.
121
What is ectotherms?
external enviornment for temperature dequlation
122
What are endoderms?
internal temperatures
123
What is the evidence that dinosaurs are endoderms/
dinosaurs may have been endotherms by the fact that they had feathers, and were really big so needs to power big body in order to function. movement: activity. temperature enviornments
· Evidence for endotherms: feathers may have evolved for warmth (insulation), size!! (would be hard to use environment to regulate temp of something so big), movement: activity (would be hard to sustain this behavior if ectotherm), some dinos were found in temperate climate (would have no place big enough for them to go to hibernate if it got too cold-like ectoderms do), bone rings (typically found in reptiles (ectoderms) but most species of dinos didn’t have them (some did)-may also be evidence for ectoderm. Bone rings change based on seasonal changes in environment, because of changes in metabolism), composition of ecosystem (would need lots of prey items around. Looking at fossils, always find more prey than top predators), birds are endotherms.
· Evidence for ectoderms: presence of scales???
124
What are bone rings?
bone rings- found in ectothermic reptiles but most species of dinosaur didnt have them and some did so suggest could be more ectotherm-like. scales as well could be iether
125
What is hesperonis?
looks like bird but with teeth. extinct bird ancestors: diatryma , etc. similarities to ostrich and emus
126
What are crocodiles reproductive habits like?
crocodiles have parental care. will build a mound and lay enourmous clutch of eggs. Bury eggs. And mom will stay around and protect eggs. Galloping behavior seen in moms protecting eggs. Parental care is mostly female
127
What is special about birds?
most speciose vertebrate group after fish found in every habitat, feather, most fly, bipedal, lays eggs (none has live young), parental care is universal, nest building and incubation, endotherms, no teeth: beak instead, and poor sense of smell. birds have largest earts with high oxygen demand, air sacs, no diaphgragms with whole body cavity acts as a bellow and exhalation with muscle contraction beating very fast.
most fly
10,000 species found everywhere
· terrestrial, live in water, some spend most of time flying
· lay eggs: none give birth to live young (different from reptiles where some give live birth)
· generally very poor sense of smell
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what are basal birds?
Basal (live on ground) birds (ex. ostreges, emus, kiwis) have mostly male parental care
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What are the different kinds of beaks?
long beak eating fish, long and curved-probe in sand, short and stout, sharp tearing fish, ducks- filter feeders and fish eater, short cracking stuff, bills large and oblong filter feeding, bill for probing grabbing grubs under bark and must get under bark powerful chiseled beaks, large open mouth grab fish whole and swallow
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What are the different kinds of feet?
long feet, long limbs delactely put down not distrubing fish, talons grbabing prey so not lose, swimming with webbed feet,
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What are some ways birds lightened their flight load?
less reproductive organs, mmany bones are fused such as fused wrist and hand bons, primary and secondary feathers, lots of bone fusion and stiff back with a moveable neck with pneumatic bone. bones are hollow but strong
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What changes were made to bird reproduction?
one active ociduct on left side, lays eggs in nests, one egg at a time, not like reptiles. huge change in reproductive season and not and not as extreme as in birds. male changing side 50-100 times in size, tube and males would develop reproductive white mass packed with sperm and gone in non-breeding system. dont have penis just touch cloicous cloical kiss transferring sperm taking no time at all.
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How are birds adapted to fly?
birds are adapted to fly, feather slightly open in upstroke to reduce drag providing lift against the weight and then propulsion against drag.When birds on down stroke, keep feathers together. On up stroke, very finally turn flight feathers (openings between feathers) decrease drag.
many bones are fused such as fused wrist and hand bons, primary and secondary feathers, lots of bone fusion and stiff back with a moveable neck with pneumatic bone. bones are hollow but strong
· Vertebrate become fused, so back is stiff, because supports a lot of muscles required for flight
· Long necks so can look around, even though back is stiff
· Enormous sternum and keel
· Pygostyle-fused shortened tail
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What are the function of the primary and secondary wings?
primary and secondary wings (remiges): power and lift. with tail fathers (retrices): control and stability, brake. all others are contour feather with colour, insultation, waterproofing, keratin, atached to muscle to allow attachment. · Flight feathers: feathers of tail (rectrices) (function for control and mobility of flight, and breaking (landing open up tails and bring close to body). Primary feathers attached to fused bone of wrist. Secondary feathers attached to forearm. Rachis=hollow, keratinized tube. Other feathers: associated with color, insulation, water proof. Still help with flight by minimizing drag (give bird nice smooth contour). Bird can move muscles, since have lots of muscle control of feathers
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What is the function of barbs?
Barbs have barbules with hooks on them-works like a zipper. Barbs attached to rachis. Keeps integrity of the feather as a unit
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How are muscles modified in birds?
Muscles modified in birds largest muscles control wings and run between upper arm and keel
pectoralis major provides powerful downstroke
suprcoracoideus muscle raises wing using a pulley like system to life wing. in front of pectoralis muscle attaching to humerus in long tendon attached to back along humerus making wing lift having short and stout humerus taking brunt of lfight power.
muscles constitute about 20-25 percent of bird’s total body mass
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Is internal fertilization likely to be an adaptation for species living out of water? why or why not?
living out of water you have to worry about desiccation of the young and so for them to be better protected if they are internally fertilized and then giving a coating or grow inside the mother the animals will fair much better.
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Compare the traits of tiktaliik and acnthostega that are more like their fish ancestors, and those that are more like terrestrial vertebrates?
tiktallik had much larger fins (fish) that acnthostega but both still had the wrist and limb structure similar to vertebrates for lifting themselves up against gravity. however, both had long tails to function in swimming with similar shapes like the fish tail to propel themselves through water as was the wider surface area bottoms of feet that both had. the tiktallik and acnthostega had eyes on top of their head and lungs adapted for breathing in low water conditions unlike the fishes lateral placed eyes. they also have the beginning formation of fingers and toes unlike fish which have small long bones in fins
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What do we know about the origin of lissamphibia?
they arose from temnospondyls
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after lungs appeared, what happens to the relative role of skin for gas exchange in vertebrates?
for some they lost the role of lungs and just used the surface of their skin for respiration- salamanders
in others skin became a protector from losing the water form the inside and in both it still led to a change in the circulatory system to better supply blood and oxygen to the rest of the body and internal organs from the oxygen absorption surface
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compare the main characteristics of the three main orders of amphibians that exist today/
rana (frog)- not solid skull long hindelegs for jumping, no tail, external fertilization, indirect development (tadpole), sound
ambystoma/caudata urodela (salamanders)-not solid skull, have tail divergent respiration, internal fertilization, no ear drum, paedomorphs
caecilians- legless, burrowing and aquatic, internal fertilization either laying eggs or carrying young or placenta, solid skull, direct development, parental care
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What is heterochrony? why is it important and what is the most common type found in salamanders? explain.
developmental changes in rate and timing of growth that lead to change in size and shape
peramorphosis- where traits grow larger faster or earlier
paedo-morphs prevalent because it protects them in this environment rate of growth of trait growing slower, staying smaller or growing later in development
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Would u expect salamanders to call out to their mates like frogs do? why or why not?
no they don't have well developed ears like frogs
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if the salient and caudata have reduced skulls why is this not the case in the gymnophiona?
they need them for burrowing
