Exam 1 - CNS (Brain & Spinal Cord) Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
What is the neuroanatomical terms for the following:
Above
Below
Towards the middle
Towards the side
A
Above - Dorsal
Below - Ventral
Towards the middle - Medial
Towards the side - Lateral
2
Q
What are the 3 parts of the meninges?
A
Pia Mater
Arachnoid Membrane
Dura Mater
3
Q
What does Neuraxis refer to?
A
Directional terms concerning the axis of humans and quadrupeds from the bottom of the brain to the end of the spine.
Humans Ventral is chin front/down, Dorsal is Top of the head, going back/down.
If we were to stand a dog upright, this is how it would be.
4
Q
Describe each anatomical plane of section and how we would view them:
Coronal
Horizontal
Sagittal
A
Coronal section is cut in a Vertical plane, head down to yield front view of brain.
Horizontal section is a view from above, or a dorsal view.
Sagittal section is cut from front to back, viewed from side, or a medial view.
5
Q
Where does the CSF flow?
A
Between the pia mater and arachnoid membrane.
6
Q
The outer layer of the forebrain is covered in what?
A
Cerebral cortex - thin, folded film of nerve tissue composed of neurons
7
Q
Cerebral cortex has what physical characteristics, and what are they?
A
Gyrus - bumps
Sulci - cracks
Fissures - very deep folds
8
Q
What are the characteristics and function of Gray matter?
A
Gray matter consists of cell bodies and blood capillaries; main function is to collect and modify information
9
Q
What are the characteristics and function of White matter? Provide an example of White Matter in our brain.
A
White matter consists of fatty covering fiber which form connections between the cells (ie; Corpus Callosum, which has 200 million nerve fibers that connect the 2 hemispheres).
10
Q
Tell me about the ventricles that contain CSF.
How many ventricles
How the CSF flows between the ventricles
Where the ventricles are located relative to the brain’s midline and spinal cord (cerebral aquaduct).
A
The brain has 4 ventricles.
Cells that line the ventricles (chloro plexus) also make CSF that fills them.
The ventricles are connected so the CSF flows from the 2 lateral ventricles (WHICH ARE NOT DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER) to the 3rd and 4th ventricles which lie in the brain’s midline and into the cerebral aquaduct- the canal that runs the length of the spinal cord.
11
Q
Fill in:
CSF is also found in the space between the lower layers of the _____ wrapping around the _____ and the _____________.
A
Fill in:
CSF is also found in the space between the lower layers of the meninges wrapping around the brain and the spinal cord.
12
Q
T or F. The brain’s left and right hemisphere is practically identical.
A
True. There is 2 of every structure, exception to 3rd and 4th ventricle, which lie along the midline, and the pineal gland.
13
Q
Does glial cells and neuron cells come in 1 form?
A
No, they come in different forms, determined by the work they do.
14
Q
If we want to see the relationship between anterior and posterior, which section would we use?
A
Coronal or frontal. We would see structures up and down…
15
Q
If we want to see relationship between rostral (front) and caudal (back), which section(s) would we use?
A
Horizontal, we can see the relationship bw rostral and caudal but only in 1 level. A snapshot of this 1 level.
Sagittal, we can see the relationship between the rostral and caudal. We can see the front AND back, and the whole dorsal/ventral surface.
16
Q
What is the function of the Meninges?
A
To protect the brain
17
Q
What is the Pia mater’s characteristics and function?
A
Pia Mater is the closest to the brain tissue - couple of cells wide. Follows every nook and cranny (blood vessel), sheathed in Pia Mater.
It is there to provide resistance for things IN the blood that wants to get into our blood tissue; ie; bacteria, virus.
18
Q
What is the Arachnoid Membrane’s characteristics and it’s functions? What does CSF have to do with this membrane?
A
The arachnoid layer is connected to the pia mater with filaments called arachnoid trabeculae. The space between the 2 layers is called the sub-arachnoid space.
In the sub-arachnoid space, the CSF flows through; it does 2 things:
1) Takes away cell waste from brain (housekeeps) to the extracellular fluid (fluid that bathes the cell), from there it will cross through the pia mater and the CSF will carry it , and flushed out back into circulatory system, and filtered through kidneys.
2) Provides cushion from injury.
19
Q
What is the Dura mater’s characteristics and function?
A
Dura mater aka tough mother, is the supple and thin outer layer that is difficult to puncture or tear.
Mainly there to protect brain from skull fragments.
20
Q
What is the ventricular system? What is an example from the meninges?
A
Set of fluid-filled, connected spaces in and around the brain.
The sub-arachnoid space is a ventricular system.
21
Q
Explain the ventricular system, besides the sub-arachnoid space.
Which are the largest?
How do they connect?
Where in the brain are they located (hemisphere)?
What occurs after CSF leaves the last ventricle?
A
The lateral ventricles (1 on each side and biggest) lie on the Cerebral hemisphere- They do NOT connect to each other, but both connect to a smaller ventricle in the Mid-Line called the 3rd ventricle through the Foramen of Monroe.
The 3rd ventricle is connected to the 4th ventricle (in the Mid-line) by the Cerebral Aquaduct, which is a larger space.
Then the fluid goes from the 4th ventricle to the spinal cord through the central canal, Foramen of Magendie, Foramen of Lushka, AND into the sub-arachnoid space.
22
Q
How is CSF produced? Why, Where, and How does it get “recycled”?
A
CSF is constantly produced in the ventricles by choroid plexus which are small pieces of blood-rich tissue located throughout the brain system.
CSF needs to get out and be re-absorbed to keep the volume of CSF constant. It needs to be absorbed as quickly as it’s being produced. This “recycling” occurs in the subarachnoid space where the arachnoid granulation “sucks up” the CSF and “dumps” it into the Superior Sagittal Sinus.
23
Q
Draw the Ventricular system! There should be 8 labels.
A
Yay!
24
Q
Why do we have a ventricular system?
A
Weight: Our brain is ~1400g, but bathing in fluid allows it to be ~80g.
Protection: Cushions
25
What can cause obstructive hydrocephalus? How can it be resolved?
Blockage in the cerebral aquaduct can cause hydrocephalus.
The reason is because since the lateral ventricle is the largest, it builds up fluid quickly.
Once caught, a tube and pump underneath the cranium into one of the ventricles drains into the small intenstines.
Cerebral aquaduct also gets larger as children get older, so it can drain on it's own.
26
How does the blood supply protect the brain?
The 'circle of willis' set-up allows some arteries to remain independent
27
What are the 3 main protectors of the brain?
Blood supply, Meninges, and the Ventricular system.
28
How is the brain fed?
Explain all the arteries and how they all connect to one another using the "communicating" arteries.
Detail where the cerebral arteries line within the brain fissures.
There are really "3 sets" of arteries.
The 2 main blood sources:
1) Internal Carotid artery
2) Vertebral artery.
There are 3 cerebral arteries:
1) Anterior cerebral arteries - runs along the Longitudinal fissure to provide blood to Frontal
2) Middle cerebral arteries - runs along the Lateral fissure to provide blood to parietal and temporal
3) Posterior cerebral arteries - occipital lobe, medulla, cerebellum.
There are 2 communicating arteries:
1) Anterior communicating artery
2) Posterior communicating artery
The brain is fed through 2 Internal Carotid (corroded) Arteries, which is the Source of blood supply in the anterior portion of the brain. The Internal Carotid arteries divide to form the Middle and Anterior Cerebral artery.
Then the Internal Carotid artery is connected to the Posterior Cerebral artery by the Posterior Communicating artery.
Then the Basilar artery is formed by the union of the 2 Vertebral arteries. The Vertebral artery feeds the cerebellum, medulla, and the occipital lobe.
29
What are some functions of the Neurons in the brain?
The resources like glucose and oxygen is brought in through bloodstreams- the neurons that do a lot of the metabolism and using a lot of the energy has no way of storing energy. Neurons have no way of storing energy...
30
Draw the Circle of Willis! Don't forget the arteries.
It came out amazing!
31
What is the job of the choroid plexus?
Where does the CSF leach out into the ventricular system?
Why does the CSF need to leach out?
The choroid plexus is always producing CSF, but it leaches through the arachnoid granulation, in the sub-arachnoid space, into the superior sagittal sinus in the ventricular system.
The superior sagittal sinus is releasing the CSF into the bloodstream.
CSF needs to be released and re-absorbed, as to not create a build up of fluid (hydrocephalus).
32
How many ml is the CSF produced?
| How long does it take for a new batch?
~125ml of CSF is continually produced. It must It has a half-life of ~3 hours. New batch every 9-12 hours. Constantly taken out from the ventricular system through the arachnoid granulations.
33
What are the 2 main things the blood needs to carry into the brain?
What does neurons have to do with this?
The blood needs to carry glucose and oxygen to the brain, mainly because Neurons cannot store energy. Neurons need the constant supply of glucose and oxygen. 1 minute without oxygen = cell death.
34
If Dr. Trevitt karate chopped me in the vertebral artery or the basilar artery, what part of the brain will not get blood?
I won't lose any blood! The Internal Carotid arteries will still feed the circle and as long as the blood gets around the circle, it still goes through the Cerebral arteries and out to my brain. It's important that blood goes through the Cerebral arteries.
35
What is the purpose of circle of willis?
To protect the brain from blood loss
36
What if Dr. Trevitt cut a part of the circle?
None of it. The blood can still get around the circle and get into the Cerebral arteries.
37
What is the order of the spinal cord starting from below the brain?
Cervical (first five), Thoracic (upper chest), Lumbar (lower back), and Sacrum (fused).
38
Where are nerves from the CNS extending to?
Brain and Spine
39
What are nerves from the PNS extending to?
All the nerves that are out in our body
40
Why do we think the Sacrum has fused for bipedals?
It provides stability to help us remain upright
41
What is Dorsal and Ventral Roots within the Spinal Cord?
Which is Afferent and Efferent?
The dorsal roots are the bundles of nerves that enter each vertebrae in the spinal cord through the back side. Dorsal roots BRING IN all and any Sensory Information from all parts of the body. Dorsal roots are Afferent.
The ventral roots are the bundles of nerves that are Efferent and go out of the Spinal cord through the Ventral side (stomach side).
Ventral roots have the Motor information going from the brain to the Muscles. Ventral roots are Efferent.
42
Why do you think the Sensory information is Dorsal and Motor information is Ventral? Why have we evolved this way?
Movement. We need to protect our ability to move.
Motor information is important because it helps us move effectively from escaping predators, finding resources; etc. This set-up is seen in all animals with spines. It makes sense to protect this primary purpose. In order to compromise my motor function, you will have to go through my gut.
43
What does the Caudal Equina (Horses Tail) refer to?
Explain the process in the spinal cord before it becomes the Caudal Equina.
When the meninges in the spinal cord splits up and covers individual nerves of the Dorsal and Ventral roots.
Spinal cord is coated with meninges. Spinal cord does NOT have Arachnoid layer, just the Pia and Dura. All the nerves coming in and out through the brain is all in this bundle, encased in the meninges.
The ventricular component is in the middle of the bundle of nerves that goes through the central canal (spinal tap samples the fluid in here).
Once this tube goes to the lumbar/sacral area, it splits apart and covers individual fibers of the dorsal and ventral roots. Since this portion is so ropey, it is called the Caudal Equina, aka Horses Tail.
44
What does Spinal Nerve, or Mixed nerve refer to?
Just outside of the spinal cord, the Ventral and Dorsal roots fuse and become a Spinal Nerve, or the Mixed nerve (sensory and motor mixed).
45
What would happen if you anesthetized the Caudal Equina? What about the Central Canal?
If the space around the Caudal Equina nerves was anesthetized, just the portion of the bottom portion of the body would become numb. To do the same to the Central Canal, it would affect the whole spinal cord and stop your heart; etc... and you would die.
46
Animals with smaller range of behaviors tend to have a larger what?
Hindbrain
47
Animals with large range of behaviors tend to have a larger what?
Forebrain
48
What is considered the oldest, next evolved, and the most evolved portion of the brain?
The oldest is the Hindbrain, or the Rhombencephalon.
Second is Mid-brain
49
What are the 2 subdivisions of the Rhombencephelon?
Myelencephalon aka Marrow Brain- Medulla
| Metencephalon aka After Brain- Cerebellum (the little brain) and Pons.
50
Explain the Myelencephalon. What is this a subdivision of?
Visually, location, and functionally.
The Myelencephalon aka Medulla is located in the neck and is the subdivision of the Hindbrain or the Rhombencephalon.
It is White and fatty looking. Looks like Marrow.
This is a bundle of nerve cells, coated in Myelin.
Inside the bundle of nerve cells are little Nuclei. These Nuclei regulates Primitive functions like heart rate, respiratory, temperature, hunger, fluid balance (within cells), energy; etc.
Mnumonics: (MYELENcephalon aka MYELINcephalon).
Medulla aka METALLA (picture medals hanging from the heart and lungs).
51
Explain the first part of the Metencephalon. Location, Function.
What is this a subdivision of?
What are the 2 subdivisions of THIS component?
What is the space that's located between the 2 subdivisions?
Why would Alcohol affect this location first?
Metencephalon aka After Brain, subdivision of Rhombencephalon, also has 2 subdivisions and 1 space- Cerebellum (the little brain) and Pons and 4th Ventricle space between the Cerebellum and the Pons.
Cerebellum aka CereBALANCE. Important for ballistic movements, fast and smooth unconscious control. ex) Playing piano
Alcohol would affect the Cerebellum because of the GABA receptors that reside in the Cerebellum, therefore it would affect your coordination.
52
Explain the second part of the Metencephalon. Location, appearance, function.
What would damage to this portion do?
The Pons (white) is myelinated with huge clusters of nerves that bridges the 2 hemispheres of the Cerebellum.
The (gray matter) Nuclei in the pons regulates activity cycles such as sleep (24 hour circadian rhythms), wake (ultradian rhythms - 90 minutes up and down), relaxation, natural rhythms.
Damage to the pons would affect someone's sleep cycle and their ultradian cycle.
53
What do we see in the Mid-brain that we don't see in the Hindbrain, in terms of "input and output"?
We start to see a Sensory information becomes integrated with Motor information. First points where sensory info can influence motor output.
54
What is the midbrain also known as? What are it's 2 parts called?
What runs between the two?
Midbrain aka Mesencephalon.
2 subdivisions are the Tectum (ceiling) and Tegmentum (floor). The Cerebral Aquaduct (Aquaduct of Silvius) runs between the two.
55
Explain the first part of the Mesencephalon
And what are IT'S 2 parts?
Location, appearance, function.
Explain blind-sight and how they process information using another component of the brain.
The first part of the Mesencephalon is the Tectum. The Tectum has 2 parts:
1) Superior Colliculus - Top, is the Visual Relay station. Receives info from the eyes.
2) Inferior Colliculus - Bottom, is the Hearing Relay station.
This information is NOT conscious. We have no awareness of hearing or seeing anything yet, yet this information CAN impact our movement.
Ex) Blind-sight : damage to the occipital lobe (where visual info is consciously analyzed). The eyeballs are intact and work, but the place that is consciously analyzing (the occipital lobe) is damaged. However, when the information hits the Superior Colliculus, the "blind" person will MOVE TO AVOID SOMETHING YOU THROW AT THEM!!!! They have no conscious experience of vision, but they CHANGE their movement based on the sensory information.
This works because the sensory information coming into the Superior Colliculus from the eyes, goes into the Thalamus (relay station), which has a lot of Motor information coming down. This is where the interaction between the Tectum, Tegmentum (motor areas), and the Thalamus affects motor functioning.
56
Explain the second part of the Mesencephalon
And what are IT'S 4 parts?
Location, appearance, function.
The Mesencephalon's 2nd part is the Tegmentum (or the floor).
The 4 parts are:
1. Reticular formation
2. Periaqueductal gray
3. Red Nucleus
4. Substancia Nigra
57
What is the Reticular formation? What is this the sub-division of?
Explain it's appearance, location, function.
The Reticular formation aka the Huge Neural Net is a bunch of Nuclei that are interconnected to each other and it runs from the Tegmentum down into the Medulla.
Basic levels of arousal, reflex, movement and locomotor patterns (a portion within the Reticular formation will stimulate walking pattern). We might be born with the pattern of walking.
Mnumonics: ReTICKLE-lar. Tickle and your reflexes kick in.
58
What is the Red Nucleus? What is this the sub-division of?
Explain it's appearance, location, function.
Red Nucleus is the subdivision of the Tegmentum within the mid-brain (Mesencephalon).
Primarily affects the motor (output) info going from down the spine out into the muscles.
59
What is the Substantial Nigra? What is this the sub-division of?
Explain it's appearance, location, function.
Substantial Nigra is the subdivision of the Tegmentum within the mid-brain (Mesencephalon).
Initiate and Refines Movement. Participates in a system called the Basal Ganglia.
60
What is the Periaqueductal grey? What is this the sub-division of?
Explain it's appearance, location, function.
Periaqueductal grey is the subdivision of the Tegmentum within the mid-brain (Mesencephalon).
Also in the Tectum because it surrounds the cerebral aquaduct.
Has effects on pain (reducing pain from opiates, for example) and species typical behavior (sex behavior).
Mnemonics: (P)eriaquaductal; (P)ain
61
What part of the brain is receptive to opiates?
The Periaqueductal grey.
62
Where is the first interaction of Sensory (visual and auditory) information and Motor information?
In the mid-brain, the Tectum and Tegmentum to be specific.
63
What is the forebrain also known as?
Prosencephalon
64
Explain the Prosencephalon. What are it's 2 subdivisions?
Visually, location, and functionally.
The Prosencephalon is our forebrain. It is the most evolved and largest.
The 2 parts of the Prosencephalon is the Diencephalon and the Telencephalon.
Mnumonics: PROsencephalon. This part of our brain is the PRO!
65
What is the Diencephalon? What is this the sub-division of?
What are the 2 subparts of the Diencephalon?
What is the space that separates the 2 subparts?
Explain it's appearance, location, function.
The Diencephalon aka the "inside brain" is the subdivision of the Prosencephalon.
The Diencephalon has 2 main parts: Thalamus (football shaped) and the Hypothalamus (underneath the Thalamus), and is separated by the 3rd Ventricle space. They both do very different things.
66
What is the Thalamus? What is this the sub-division of?
Explain it's appearance, location, function.
How is information organized within the Thalamus?
The Thalamus is walnut shaped, and is a subdivision of the Diencephalon (inside of the Procephalon) and is a huge relay station. It takes the Sensory information from the environment and motor information going out to the muscles.
Thalamus is very organized. If you take the Thalamus and look at the info coming in and out, you can subdivide the sub-nuclei, very neatly per different information from sensory modalities which sends out motor info to diff. types of muscles.
67
If I can imagine what Lulu looks like, sounds like, smells like, and how she feels... and also bend down to pet her, where is all of this multi- modal sensory united in?
Why do we think this sensation and action is due to this component of the brain?
How can we explain what occurs during Synesthesia?
In the Thalamus which is responsible for Multi-modal sensations for objects and stimulus response pairings.
This is the first place where the first multi-modal SENSATIONS and associated multi-modal MOTOR programs are formed.
Ex) Information from eyes, processed by LGN int he Thalamus, should be processed as conscious vision, but for Synesthesia (see sounds) - A sensory modality is analyzed by the wrong part of the Thalamus.
68
Which sub-nuclei of the Thalamus would receive the following sensory modality?
Vision
Hearing
Motor/Striatum
Motor/Cerebellum
Vision - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
| Audio - Medial Geniculate Nucleus
69
What is the Hypothalamus? What is this the sub-division of?
What are the 2 parts of the Hypothalamus?
Explain it's location, process between the 2 parts, and it's functions.
Give an example of how the Medulla and the Hypothalamus interact.
Hypothalamus is subdivided from the Diencephalon, which is the "inner brain" of the Prosencephalon.
The Hypothalamus regulates HORMONES! The Hypothalamus CONTROLS what is being released by the Pituitary Gland. The Hypothalamus is the master or the master gland.
The 2 parts of the Hypothalamus:
First, Nuclei in the Hypothalamus all produce hormones. Some Nuclei produce hormones that will go INTO the anterior Pituitary gland.
1. Anterior Pituitary Gland (2 step process) - The Nuclei from the Hypothalamus will then send secretory cells which will affect the other Nuclei within the Pituitary gland which will produce OTHER hormones in RESPONSE to those hormones that were produced in the Hypothalamus. The hormones from the Anterior Pituitary is what's released into the bloodstreams.
2. Posterior Pituitary Gland (funnel)- Directly releases neuromodulators and different hormones through the "funnel". Much faster hormone release.
The Medulla, which regulates fluid balance within cells, will send a signal to the Hypothalamus to say "hey we're running low on water... we need to drink it"- then the Hypothalamus will get the behavior engaged.
Mnemonics: (H)ypo - (H)ormone
70
What is the function of the 3rd ventricle within the forebrain?
This is a Frontal section (photo in page 14, lecture 2).
Foramen of Monroe connects the 2 separate Lateral ventricles (which do not share fluids) to the 3rd Ventricle.
71
What is the Telencephalon? What is this the sub-division of? What is it also called?
What are the 6 subparts of the Telencephalon?
The Telencephalon is a sub-division of the Prosencephalon.
It is also called the "End Brain". It is the "outer layer" of the Diencephalon.
The 6 subparts of the Telencephalon:
1. Cerebral Hemisphere
2. Neocortex (Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital)
3. Limbic Cortex
4. Corpus Callosum
5. Lateral Ventricles
6. Subcortical Regions
72
Cerebral Hemispheres.
What happens if we cut the brain in half? Is it symmetrical or not?
What is the difference in processing between the Left and Right Hemisphere? Provide examples.
What is each hemisphere very good at?
The Cerebral Hemisphere are physically symmetrical but are functionally different. The entire brain is the same, in that, you can cut the WHOLE brain in half, and it will be symmetrical.
1. The LEFT hem. can process information in a LINEAR and Sequential fashion. Also known as Deductive.
Very good at showing me the difference between things. It's more analytical.
ex) Read, speak, write, math; all in order.
Mnemonic: LEFT - LATERAL
2. The RIGHT hem. can process multiple things simultaneously for recognition and pattern detection. Also known as Gestalt Processing.
Very good at showing me the "big picture". Shows how things are the same.
ex) When we look at a face and recognize it as my mom, I'm not analyzing every single facial structure. I'm able to just look at the face as a whole and identify it as my mom.
ex) My dog out of all the dogs in the dog park.
73
What's the difference between an afferent and efferent nerves?
Afferent nerves Approach the CNS from sensory neurons, and Efferent nerves transmit signals from CNS to the muscles and glands.
74
What are the Tegmentum's 4 subdivisions? What do they all do? What is the main function of Tegmentum?
The Tegmentum (and Tectum) within the Mesencephalon is the first area where sensory and motor information is processed.
The 4 parts in the Tegmentum include: Reticular Formation, Periaquaductual Grey, Red Nucleus, and Substantia Nigra.
75
How many arteries are feeding the Circle of Willis?
The Vertebral arteries fuse to form the Basilar artery (located at the pons), which feeds the circle.
76
What is the Telencephalon covered in?
What is the wrinkles called?
3mm thick cells of Neocortex (new cortex).
The wrinkles are called cranialation - gyri and sulci.
77
What is the primary area of the Frontal lobe and where is it located?
How do these neurons communicate with muscles? Relate this to axons.
How is the Primary Motor Cortex arranged?
Frontal lobe - Primary Motor Cortex (within the pre-central gyrus). Cell bodies of the neurons descend from down through the medulla through the spine and then synapse with other neurons that go directly out to the muscles. These cell bodies are IN the primary motor cortex. This is the last place motor information IS before it goes out to the muscles - the axons can go over a meter long.
It is arranged somatotopically - The areas of the bodies that are adjacent to each other (arm-forearm-shoulder), also found the same way on the Primary Motor Cortex.
78
What does the Central Sulcus separate?
Frontal and Parietal
79
Secondary and Supplementary Motor Cortex
Secondary and Supplementary Motor Cortexes differ in cell types; however, the main purpose of the Frontal Lobe is to manage MOVEMENT.
80
Pre-Frontal Motor Cortex functions.
Executive functions - Decision, Memory, Language Production, Temporal relationships (actions and consequences... we can also think about the past and future).
Prevents us from being Impulsive.
Able to differentiate stimuli.
81
Parietal lobe location, primary function, primary area, how the information is received, and how it is arranged.
Parietal lobe is located posterior to the Central Sulcus. It's main function is to process somatosensory and spatial info.
Primary area is the Primary Somatosensory Cortex.
This is where info from skin and muscles coming from receptors from outside of body, into spine, synapses into a neuron, then it goes through the spine into the medulla, into the Primary Somatosensory Cortex.
It is arranged somatotopically - adjacent bodies correspond to adjacent areas on the brain.
82
How does the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex work together?
If you overlap the motor and sensory, the corresponding areas both directly connect through neurons to refine movement patterns, spatial relations, how the body feels to touch and pressure... this all informs the subsequent movement patterns.
83
Temporal lobe location, primary area, and functions.
Explain the lateralization in the temporal lobe.
Primary Auditory Cortex located on the border of the Lateral Fissure. This is where we experience sound. Deep within the Temporal lobe is Hippocampus - important for memory.
Speech is lateralized to the Left temporal lobe, Memory is lateralized to the Right temporal lobe.
84
Explain Wernike's and Broca's Aphasia and where (which hemisphere and lobe) the areas are located. Who is aware and unaware?
Wernikes Aphasia (Temporal in the Right Hem) Area important for comprehending and producing Speech sound. "Word Salad" affects their understanding, speech, and writing. They are NOT aware of their condition.
Broca's Aphasia (Frontal lobe in the Left Hem) trouble producing Speech sound. The MOTOR is dysfunctional. CANNOT produce speech sounds because their mouth won't let them... they can bark; etc. They ARE aware of the condition.
They also have trouble writing and reading words.
85
What is the occipital lobe's primary area as well as the "maps".
The occipital lobe's primary area is Primary Visual Cortex. Information from Retina hits this cortex and where we first consciously experience vision, then it gets analyzed by the occipital cortex.
The other parts of the Occipital cortex is devoted to "feature detectors" to analyze specifics.
86
If we peel back out Neocortex, we see the Rhinencephalon aka Limbic Cortex. What is it's main function?
Rhinencephalon (nose brain) because smells go straight into the Olfactory bulb, unlike all other senses that go through the Thalamus.
It is involved with memory and emotions though other functions. This may explain why smell is such a huge memory and emotion cue.
87
What is the Cingulate gyrus and where is it located?
Cingulate gyrus is a portion of the rhinencephalon and can be viewed in a mid-sagittal section.
88
What is the Corpus Callosum, where is it located, and where does it travel to?
Define commissure.
It is a huge bundle of white matter fibers crossing between the 2 hemispheres. Some of them are cortical fibers that cross across, ascends, and descends.
Commissure refers to fiber bundles that crosses the midline.
89
What is one of the Subcortical structures of the Telencephalon? What are it's subdivisions?
The Limbic System involves the Cingulate Gyrus as well as the Hippocampus (memory)
Mammillary Bodies (part of Hypothalamus)
Septum (pleasure)
Amygdala (threats and fear)
and feeding into both the Septum and Amygdala is information from the Olfactory Bulb.
90
Where does smell, through the olfactory bulb, hit right away?
The septum and amygdala - activates our pleasure or fear center.
91
According to Trevitt, what is Emotions? Which component of the brain controls Emotions?
The Limbic System manages the approach and avoid behaviors, and Emotions basically signals us to move closer to or away from something (or someone).
Also works with the Hippocampus allows us to remember the features of the environment, then identify our feelings from the last time...
92
What is the fornix and where is it located?
The fornix is C-shaped - a bundle of axons that connects the Amygdala and the Hippocampus to the Mammillary bodies to the Hypothalamus.
93
Where inside the Limbic Cortex activate the Sympathetic Nervous System?
The amygdala (fear) and mammillary body (part of the Hypothalamus) both activates the Sympathetic Nervous System.
94
Describe the Basal Ganglia and it's associate nuclei.
What would happen if someone had damage to the Basal Ganglia?
Caudate Nucleus and the Putamen receive information from all the Cortexes. Then they send signals to the Basal Ganglia which will adjust and smooth movement in real time.
Globus Pallidus
Substancial Nigra (in the Tegmentum, also smoothes movement)
Amygdala (in the Limbic and Basal Ganglia)
If someone had damage to the Basal Ganglia, they would not be able to change their movement pattern. If they start walking, they wouldn't stop in time to not get ran over in a street because their primary motor cortex has already been initiated.
95
What part of the brain is the Basal Ganglia and Limbic System located in?
In the subcortical structure within the forebrain (Telencephalon).
96
How is the grey and white matter set-up within the Spinal cord? What runs in the center? How does the ascending and descending information travel?
The Grey matter is in the inside, white matter on the outside.
The Central Canal runs in the center.
Ascending information (sensory) travels in the dorsal side and descending information (motor) travels in the ventral side.
97
The Amygdala is a part of which subcortical system in the Telencephalon?
Limbic and Basal Ganglia
98
When someone has a gating disorder, what does this mean? Which cortex is affected?
People who have a hard time blocking out extraneous stimuli have gating issues, and gating occurs in the frontal lobe.
99
If someone has a stroke of the middle cerebral artery of the left hemisphere in the brain, what type of functions will be impaired or lost?
They would have impaired language, and since the connections are crossed, motor control on the right side too.
100
The colliculi functions to not only process sensory, but what else?
The tectum's superior and inferior colliculi also produce orienting movements such as turning your head to see the source of sound.
101
What are the structures involved in VOLUNTARY movement?
Thalamus, Putamen-Caudate Nucleus-Globus Pallidus (Basal Ganglia), Substantia Nigra (from tegmentum), and subthalamic nucleus.
102
What are 2 diseases related to damage to the basal ganglia?
Why would they have a connection to that system?
Tourettes and Parkinsons.
Both of these disorders lack control of movement- not producing.
103
What is another word for the older cortex?
Limbic cortex
104
Who's all part of the Basal Gang?
Calvin "caudate nucleus" Nuke
Percy "Putamen" Mendez
Gary "globus pallidus" Pal
105
What are the principle limbic system structures?
Amygdala, Hippocampus and the limbic (cinguate cortex in the cingulate gyrus)
106
If I am moving the muscles of my limbs and trunk, which nerve am I using?
Similarly, what if I am moving my eyes, tongue, and face?
Limbs and trunk - Peripheral nerves
Eyes, face, tongue - Cranial nerves
107
Activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic starts at which regions of the spinal cord?
Which nerves are mainly controlling the parasympathetic system?
Activation of the sympathetic NS starts in the thoracic and lumbar spinal region - the ganglia (mini brains) are next to the spine.
The para system is connected to the cranial and sacral region and most it derives from the following 3 nerves:
1) Vagus - calms the organs
2) facial - controls salivation
3) occulomotor - controls pupil dialation
108
True of false? All of the NS is a crossed system where 1 side affects the other side.
false- The olfactory and somatic NS are both projected ipsilaterally.
109
The somatic NS is subdivided from what? Explain it's function. What types of nerves does it have? How do these nerves communication with it's target?
Subdivided from the PNS. It has afferent (dorsal/sensory) and efferent (ventral/motor) nerves.
It has the spinal, cranial, and association nerves.
The spinal and cranial nerves work to send signals to the brain and the muscles, respectively.
Sensory info is received from skin and striated muscles.
This is mostly striated muscles (voluntary movement) which innervate the skeletal, opposed to the Autonomic system which targets smooth muscles.
110
What does catabolic and anabolic refer to? Which Ns does it correspond to?
Catabolic - energy using (SNS)
| Anabolic - energy conserve (PNS)
111
What is a spinal (mixed) nerve?
When sensory and motor roots come together outside of the spinal cord - carries both information.
112
Which subcortical system does the amygdala participate in?
The limbic and basal ganglia.
