Exam 1 - Diseases + Stuff Flashcards

Question

metaloenzymes

Answer 1

metal ion catalysts FE CU ZN MG

Answer 2

cofactors that are small organic molecules EX)NAD+

Answer 3

coo-enzymes that are linked to the enzyme HEME

Answer 4

an ACTIVE enzyme that has its prosthetic group atttached

Answer 5

an INACTIVE enzyme that does not have its prosthetic group attached

Answer 6

v= (Vmax*[S])/(Km+[S])

Answer 7

when [S] = Km - enzyme is at HALF max rate

Answer 8

WEAK BINDING/LOW SUBSTRATE AFFINITY

Answer 9

TIGHT BINDING/HIGH SUBSTRATE AFFINITY

Answer 10

``` 1/Vmax stays the SAME y-axis Increase Km (closer to 0). X-axis ``` Will need more substrate to reach Vmax but you can still reach it!

Answer 11

1/Vmax decrease (gets higher) | 1/Km on stays the same

Answer 12

Will look like a non-competitive plot

Answer 13

need to remove inhibitor and see if function is restored

Answer 14

amt in serum is indicative of a myocardial infarction or liver damage such as with acute hepatitis

Answer 15

COX2 is BAD COX1 is GOOD 3D structure showed how to bind the BAD COX to inhibit it while not in COX1. Drug designed to be TOO big for COX1 but just right for COX2

Answer 16

the SMALLER Km indicates tighter binding - so HEXOKINSE BINDS TIGHER with glucos

Answer 17

enzymes with dif AA seq but catalyzesame rxn

Answer 18

The presence of regulatory subunits may inhibit the activity of the catalytic subunit. For example, the important signaling molecule cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which will be covered later in the course, is regulated this way.

Answer 19

Sometimes binding of a regulatory subunit is required for activation of catalytic activity. An important example here is provided by calmodulin, a small Ca2+-binding protein. When Ca2+ levels in the cell increase, Ca2+ binds to calmodulin. This binding alters the conformation of calmodulin and allows the molecule to bind to and activate a large number of different calmodulin-dependent enzymes.

Answer 20

In certain cases, catalytic subunits require the presence of a targeting subunit to direct them to there substrate. An example here is the enzyme referred to as protein phosphatase type 1 (PP1). The catalytic subunit of PP1 binds to a large number of different targeting subunits. These targeting subunits in turn bind to specific PP1 substrates. Therefore, the different targeting subunits direct PP1 catalytic activity to different areas within the cell.

Answer 21

small molecules that bind the at a site distinct from active site (mult subunits) that allows the substrate to have enhanced binding (POSITIVE COoPERATIVITY)

Answer 22

chymotrypsinogen converted into PI-chymotrypsin by trypsin. PI-chymotrypsin is converted into trypsinogen by cleaving itself-self activation

Answer 23

40% water - K, proteins and phosphate

Answer 24

20% - Na, Cl and bicarb

Answer 25

LOWER % OF BODY WEIGHT AS WATER

Answer 26

ABOUT equal EXCEPT in innermitochondrial membrane where ~70% proteins and in myelin where ~20% proteins

Answer 27

1) electrostatic interactions bw + residues and - lipid 2) hydrophobic tail inserted into 3) covalently linked to PIP 4) bound to integral membrane proteins

Answer 28

antibodies attack nicotinic acetylcholine receptor = facial muscle weakness

Answer 29

CFTR Cl channel

Answer 30

affect muscular nicotinic aceytlcholine receptor= paralysis a-cobratoxin aconotoxin tubocurarine bungarotoxin

Answer 31

digitalis - inhiits the ATP pump - increases the contrctile force of the heart and slows rate of beating

Answer 32

inability to form functional perozisomes = cant synthesize plasmalogens = poor myelination results in lack of muscle tone, intellecutal issues, facial features (high forehad, flat nasal bridge, and microganthia)

Answer 33

autoimmune detroy B-cells that produce insulin

Answer 34

tissues become less sensitive to insulin

Answer 35

whooping cough - ADP ribosylation of alpha subunit of G-inhibitory protein cysteine residue. G-protein affinity for GTP is reduced and it is in OFF position. cAMP levels rise

Answer 36

protein tyrosine phosphatase - dephosphorylates key proteins in immune response and host cell cannot defend itself

Answer 37

ADP ribosylation of G-stimulatory protein in intestines. locks G-protein in GTP bound states = always ON = secretion of ions in intestines and water follows --> diarrhea

Answer 38

inhibit adenylase cyclase alpha 2 adrenergic receptors

Answer 39

stimulate adenylase cyclase beta 1,2,3 adrenergic receptors

Answer 40

alpha 1 adrenergic receptors phospholipase C

Answer 41

in the body nitroglycerin is converted into NO relaxes blood vessels = lowers BP

Answer 42

cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor -- enzyme that breaks down cGMP is inhibited = more cGMP floating around for longer

Answer 43

NO cascade

Answer 44

atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) (transmembrane receptor - lowers BP by action on kidney and vascular walls ANP ligand binds the ANP receptor (it dimerizes) and activates cGMP-ase activity

Answer 45

basically protein tysorine kinases or any variation. effect on enzymatic activity of some sort most common = growth factors

Answer 46

riboflavinv = FMNH2 and FAD

Answer 47

niacin = NAD

Exam 1 - Diseases + Stuff Flashcards

(74 cards)