exam 1: endocrine

Question 1

thyroid hormone (T3) receptor?

Answer 1

nuclear receptor

Question 2

steroid hormone receptor?

Answer 2

cytoplasmic receptor

Question 3

androgens and testosterone (anabolic steroid) examples

Answer 3

androgen, androstenedione, nandralone

Question 4

glucocorticosteroids overall function

Answer 4

regulating glucose metabolism and combating stress

Question 5

glucocorticosteroids examples

Answer 5

cortisol and corticosterone

Question 6

mineralocorticosteroids function

Answer 6

water and electrolyte balance

Question 7

mineralocorticosteroids example

Answer 7

aldosterone

Question 8

physiologic dose

Answer 8

same concentration as hormone is normally found in the body

Question 9

pharmacological dose

Answer 9

use higher dose to exploit effect

Question 10

glucocorticoids in normal function order

Answer 10

hypothalamus > CRH > anterior pituitary > ACTH > adrenal cortex > cortisol > target tissues

Question 11

actions of glucocorticoids

Answer 11

• released during stress: physical or psychological
• later cellular “protein expression” by altering transcription of certain genes

Question 12

glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism effects

Answer 12

• anti-inflammatory effects
• immunosuppression
• sodium and water reabsorption
• CNS changes (mood and behavior)
• alter composition fo blood and muscle

Question 13

metabolic effects of cortisol in the muscle

Answer 13

decrease glucose uptake and increase protein breakdown

Question 14

metabolic effects of cortisol in fat cells

Answer 14

decrease glucose uptake and increase fat breakdown

Question 15

effects on glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism

Answer 15

• paradoxical effect: increased blood glucose while increasing glycogen storage
• accomplishes by enhancing catabolism

Question 16

1 side effect of corticosteroids?

Answer 16

muscle wasting

Question 17

anti-inflammatory effects of corticosteroids

Answer 17

• attenuate pain, erythema, swelling, and tenderness
• inhibit eicosanoid synthesis through lipocortins
• inhibition of cellular inflammatory response
• stabilize WBC lysosomal membranes
• decrease vascular permeability

Question 18

glucocorticoid effects on other systems

Answer 18

• inhibits hypersensitivity reactions
• increases kidney reabsorption of sodium and water
• personality or mood changes
• impaired skeletal and cardiac muscle function

Question 19

what are the 2 therapeutic uses of glucocorticoids

Answer 19

anti-inflammatory effects and hormone replacement therapy

Question 20

anti-inflammatory uses of glucocorticoids

Answer 20

• injection into joints, tendons, bursa
• phonophoresis (US) and iontophoresis (e-stim)
• systemic

Question 21

hormone replacement use of glucocorticoids

Answer 21

cortisol is given for Addison’s disease and secondary adrenal insufficiency

Question 22

3 common glucocorticoids

Answer 22

beclomethasone, cortisone, and dexamethasone

Question 23

what can hypersecretion of glucocorticoids lead to

Answer 23

cushings syndrome

Question 24

cushing syndrome side effects

Answer 24

mood face, centripetal obesity, bone and connective tissue damage, muscle wasting in limbs, behavioral changes, hyperglycemia and type 2 DM

Question 25

side effects of glucocorticoids

Answer 25

adrenocortical suppression (decreased CRH production), Cushings syndrome, peptic ulcer, growth retardation in children, immunosuppression, glaucoma, mood changes and psychosis, sodium and water reabsorption

Question 26

what do alpha cells make

Answer 26

glucagon

Question 27

what do beta cells make

Answer 27

insulin

Question 28

insulin decreases...

Answer 28

blood glucose

Question 29

glucagon increases....

Answer 29

blood glucose

Question 30

what is GLP

Answer 30

- an incretin secreted by the intestinal L-cells in response to feeding - promotes glucose-dependent insulin secretion by increasing insulin-sensitivity in beta cells

Question 31

GLP-1 effects

Answer 31

- decrease glucagon secretion - inhibits gastric emptying in stomach - promotes satiety in brain and decreases hunger - promotes insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues

Question 32

how does insulin work to decrease blood glucose

Answer 32

causes GLUT proteins to function and the GLUT proteins are responsible for transporting glucose out of the blood

Question 33

insulin negative feedback mechanism

Answer 33

- increase in BG stimulates insulin release - decrease in BG inhibits insulin release

Question 34

glucagon negative feedback mechanism

Answer 34

- decrease in BG stimulates glucagon release - increase in BG inhibits glucagon release

Question 35

hyperglycemia side effects

Answer 35

glucosurea (peeing), dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic shift, ketoacidosis, glycosolation of vascular and neural structures, and atherosclerosis and ischemia heart disease

Question 36

rapid acting insulin

Answer 36

given when BG is hard to control - Humulin R

Question 37

intermediate insulin

Answer 37

NPH and Humulin N, Isophane

Question 38

long acting insulin

Answer 38

given when BG is stable - Humulin U, insulin glacrine (Lantus)

Question 39

increase or decrease insulin dose before a meal

Answer 39

increase dose

Question 40

increase or decrease insulin dose if no meal planned for a while

Answer 40

decrease dose

Question 41

increase or decrease insulin dose if going to PT

Answer 41

decrease dose

Question 42

hypoglycemia side effects

Answer 42

headache, tachycardia, fatigue, anxiety and nervousness, hunger, diaphoresis, confusion

Question 43

what is the "Somogy Effect" or "rebound"

Answer 43

an increase in BG due to antibiotics to insulin; causes a decrease in the effectiveness and insulin resistance to that particular type

Question 44

list of oral hypoglycemics

Answer 44

metformin, sitagliptin, exenatide, repaglinide, glyburide, glucovance, rosiglitazone

Question 45

thyroid hormone effects

Answer 45

stimulating metabolism, thermogenesis, growth and development, CV effect, and metabolism effect

Question 46

thyroid hormone replacement drug

Answer 46

Levothyroxine

Question 47

treatment of hyperthyroidism

Answer 47

surgical removal or radioactive iodine

Question 48

bone mineralization drugs

Answer 48

CaCO4, calcitriol, etidronate, estrogen